Table 3 Results of a fivefold validation on SSIG and other baselines.

Model	Tract-level								ZIP-level
	Per-capita income				Median household income				Per-capita income				Median household income
	r²	CoD	RMSE	MAE	r²	CoD	RMSE	MAE	r²	CoD	RMSE	MAE	r²	CoD	RMSE	MAE
SSIG	0.89	0.89	9619	5424	0.85	0.84	13,655	10,040	0.94	0.91	9475	5418	0.85	0.84	14,654	10,036
Spatial information GP	0.84	0.84	11,414	6865	0.69	0.68	19,507	13,466	0.87	0.83	12,571	8509	0.75	0.72	19,174	13,839
Socio-economic information GP	0.84	0.84	11,604	6217	0.81	0.80	15,317	11,351	0.94	0.91	9091	5416	0.85	0.82	15,035	10,422
Mixed Siamese-like Double Ridge	0.85	0.84	11,314	7014	0.73	0.73	18,146	12,957	0.88	0.86	11,619	7850	0.77	0.75	18,070	13,182
Mixed Siamese-like GP	0.81	0.80	12,866	7722	0.69	0.69	19,437	13,933	0.85	0.83	12,994	8885	0.74	0.71	19,690	14,326
Mixed Siamese-like Random Forest	0.76	0.75	14,427	9003	0.61	0.60	21,857	15,602	0.83	0.80	13,566	9252	0.76	0.73	19,147	13,652
Mixed Spatial Siamese-like	0.77	0.76	14,043	9112	0.63	0.63	21,032	15,214	0.85	0.82	13,199	8819	0.72	0.69	19,961	14,017
Mixed Siamese-like	0.77	0.77	13,882	9109	0.66	0.65	20,398	14,999	0.86	0.84	12,723	8725	0.75	0.72	19,578	14,112

Note: This table presents the results of a fivefold validation for per-capita income and median household income estimation at the Tract and the ZIP-level in NYC.

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