Table 4 Panel causality test.

From: Eco-tourism, climate change, and environmental policies: empirical evidence from developing economies

Dependent variable

Explanatory variables

Short-term

Long-term

ΔETOR

ΔCO2

ΔGGI

ΔINF

ΔGLOB

ECT

ΔETOR

–

−0.239 (0.00)

0.501 (0.042)

−0.113 (0.031)

0.429 (0.533)

9.832 (0.00)

ΔCO2

−0.39 (0.03)

–

−0.392 (0.00)

0.192 (0.443)

0.103 (0.23)

0.403 (0.45)

ΔGGI

0.45 (0.594)

0.223 (0.49)

–

−0.23 (0.001)

0.553 (0.684)

2.845 (0.013)

ΔINF

0.32 (0.119)

0.342 (0.64)

−0.21 (0.00)

–

−0.32 (0.053)

10.449 (0.32)

ΔGLOB

0.13 (0.023)

0.943 (0.32)

0.192 (0.04)

−0.13 (0.024)

–

6.443 (0.075)

  1. ETOR, CO2, GGI, INF, and GLOB are eco-tourism indicator, carbon dioxide emissions per capita, green governance indicator, inflation rate and globalization index, respectively.
  2. Source: Authors.
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