Table 1 Survey questions, variable treatment procedure, and key descriptive statistics (The red color signifies the male section, and the black color signifies the female section).
Part I. Socio-demographic and cultural variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable description (Name, Type, Remarks) | [Variable Code] Explanation | MALE (n = 437) | FEMALE (n = 578) | ||
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | ||
Income | Low | 39 | 8.92% | 43 | 7.44% |
Medium | 327 | 74.83% | 483 | 83.56% | |
High | 71 | 16.25% | 52 | 9.00% | |
School year | First year | 63 | 14.42% | 66 | 11.42% |
Second year | 118 | 27.00% | 198 | 34.26% | |
Third year | 128 | 29.29% | 186 | 32.18% | |
Fourth year or more | 122 | 25.40% | 118 | 18.86% | |
Fifth year or more | 2.52% | 1.56% | |||
Study Major | Business Management/Economics | 233 | 53.32% | 185 | 32.01% |
Social science/Humanities | 204 | 46.68% | 392 | 67.82% | |
Regions Categorical. Generated based on the nationality given by the respondents. | [Region1] Africa | 5 | 1.14% | 6 | 1.04% |
[Region2] Central Asia | 11 | 2.52% | 5 | 0.87% | |
[Region3] East Asia | 224 | 51.26% | 262 | 45.33% | |
[Region4] Europe | 9 | 2.06% | 11 | 1.90% | |
[Region 5] North America | 7 | 1.60% | 10 | 1.73% | |
[Region6] Southeast Asia | 137 | 31.35% | 226 | 39.10% | |
[Region 7] South Asia | 41 | 9.38% | 48 | 8.30% | |
[Region8] Oceania | 2 | 0.46% | 8 | 1.38% | |
Religiosity Categorical. | [Religion1] Not religious | 200 | 45.77% | 231 | 39.97% |
[Religion2] Mildly religious | 172 | 39.36% | 262 | 45.33% | |
[Religion3] Very religious | 36 | 8.24% | 46 | 7.96% | |
PolRegime Categorical. Based on the respondents’ nationality, the variable was generated using the Democracy Index 2020 of the Economist Intelligence Unit (2020) | [Pol_Regime1] Authoritarian | 79 | 18.08% | 140 | 24.26% |
[Pol_Regime2] Hybrid Regime | 34 | 7.78% | 32 | 5.55% | |
[Pol_Regime3] Flawed Democracy | 117 | 26.77% | 187 | 32.41% | |
[Pol_Regime4] Full Democracy | 207 | 47.37% | 218 | 37.78% | |
Predictor Variables (Part II) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MALE (n = 437) | FEMALE (n = 578) | ||||||||||
Variable description (Name, Type, Remarks) | Survey questions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
SocialMedia Numerical. | How long do you spend on social media (SM) daily? “1”: Less than 1 h; “2”: 1–2 h; “3” 2–4 h; “4”: More than 4 h | 34/7.78% | 131/29.98% | 176/40.27% | 96/21.97% | 10/1.73% | 93/16.09% | 255/44.12% | 220/38.06% | ||
PostingSM Numerical; 1 as “Mostly private”<=> 5 as “Mostly public” | Do you share your social media posts privately (only friends can see your post) or publicly (everyone can see them)? | 119/27.23% | 69/15.79% | 127/29.06% | 80/18.31% | 42/9.61% | 196/33.91% | 121/20.93% | 126/21.80% | 75/12.98% | 60/10.38% |
AngrySM Numerical. 1 as “Very often” <=> 5 as “Not at all” | How often do you feel angry over social media discussions? | 21/5.26% | 75/18.80% | 150/37.59% | 114/28.57% | 39/9.77% | 39/7.13% | 132/24.13% | 215/39.31% | 129/23.58% | 32/5.85% |
DiversifySM Numerical. 1 as “Not at all” <=> 5 as “Very active” | Do you take steps to diversify what you can see on social media (for example, following people whom you disagree with)? | 29/7.27% | 52/13.03% | 168/42.11% | 112/28.07% | 38/9.52% | 37/6.76% | 97/17.73% | 232/42.41% | 137/25.05% | 44/8.04% |
Familiarity Numerical; Taking the average of four answers on the right side (1 as “Not familiar;” 5 as “Very familiar”) | How familiar are you with the topic of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? | 19/4.35% | 57/13.04% | 152/34.78% | 167/38.22% | 42/9.61% | 28/4.84% | 134/23.18% | 230/39.79% | 154/26.64% | 32/5.54% |
How familiar are you with the concept of smart cities? | 38/8.70% | 101/23.11% | 142/32.49% | 128/29.29% | 28/6.41% | 82/14.19% | 138/23.88% | 200/34.60% | 137/23.70% | 21/3.63% | |
How familiar are you with the topic of emotional AI? | 42/9.61% | 115/26.32% | 163/37.30% | 98/22.43% | 19/4.35% | 92/15.92% | 156/26.99% | 210/36.33% | 104/17.99% | 16/2.77% | |
How familiar are you with coding/programming? | 84/19.22% | 130/29.75% | 139/31.81% | 66/15.10% | 18/4.12% | 189/32.70% | 164/28.37% | 158/27.34% | 58/10.03% | 9/1.56% | |
Attitude Numerical. Attitude toward applications of AI (1 as “Very pessimistic”, 5 as “Very Optimistic”). | Do you feel optimistic about the use of AI/smart algorithms in the future? | 46/10.53% | 122/27.92% | 189/43.25% | 63/14.42% | 17/3.89% | 72/12.46% | 215/37.20% | 206/35.64% | 77/13.32% | 8/1.38% |
PerUtility Numerical. Perceived usefulness of AI applications (1 as “Strongly disagree”, 5 as “Strongly agree”). | Do you agree that the current applications of AI/smart algorithms are, on balance, beneficial? | 34/7.78% | 106/24.26% | 147/33.64% | 115/26.32% | 35/8.01% | 76/13.15% | 184/27.34% | 183/36.51% | 113/19.90% | 22/3.11% |
Do you agree that the current applications of AI/smart algorithms in social media are, on balance, good for your mental and emotional health? | 48/10.98% | 10924.94% | 14934.10% | 10123.11% | 30/6.86% | 76/13.15% | 158/31.83% | 211/31.66% | 115/19.55% | 18/3.81% | |
Outcome variables | |||||||||||
Variable description (Name, Type, Remarks) | Survey questions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Private Numerical. Attitude toward the gathering of non-conscious data by the private sector (“1” very worried, “5” not worried). | Are you worried If data about your emotions such as your facial gesture, heart rate, etc. are collected through personal devices (without your knowledge)? | 89/20.37% | 114/26.09% | 130/29.75% | 82/18.76% | 22/5.03% | 177/30.62% | 173/29.93% | 139/24.05% | 69/11.94% | 20/3.46% |
Are you worried about your data being analyzed by private sectors to enhance services and products? | 61/13.96% | 110/25.17% | 159/36.38% | 81/18.54% | 26/5.95% | 137/23.70% | 169/29.24% | 161/27.85% | 86/14.88% | 25/4.33% | |
Public Numerical. Attitude toward the gathering of non-conscious data by the government (“1” very worried, “5” not worried). | Are you worried If data about your emotions such as your facial gesture, heart rate, etc. are collected in public spaces (without your knowledge)? | 106/24.59% | 97/22.51% | 130/30.16% | 74/17.17% | 24/5.57% | 207/36.06% | 149/25.96% | 139/24.22% | 62/10.80% | 17/2.96% |
Are you worried about your data being analyzed by the government? | 102/23.56% | 110/25.40% | 130/30.02% | 70/16.17% | 21/4.85% | 181/31.42% | 154/26.74% | 155/26.91% | 65/11.28% | 21/3.65% | |
