Table 1 Instrument measurement.

ICT attitude (IA)

IA1

I recognize the importance of the application of information technology (IT) in modern education.

IA2

I actively pay attention to the application and development of IT in education.

IA3

I am willing to share with colleagues the experience and new discoveries about the application of IT.

ICT skills (IS)

IS1

I solve common problems in multimedia teaching equipment applications.

IS2

I expertly use the information-based teaching equipment in the classroom (e.g., computers, projectors, visualizers).

IS3

I expertly use at least one discipline-specific teaching tools (e.g., geometer’s sketchpad, online maps, realistic experiments).

IS4

I expertly use at least one social media and web platform to support students learning (e.g., e-mail, WeChat, MOOCs).

Data literacy (DL)

DL1

I efficiently retrieve and access raw data from the teaching process (e.g., access to data, databases).

DL2

I reasonably use statistical analysis software to process and analyze the obtained data (e.g., SPSS, Excel).

DL3

I judge the source, the collection method, and the quality of data to ensure accuracy.

DL4

I analyze data to support teaching decisions and improve teaching strategies.

Digital teaching competence s(DTC)

DTC1

I select digital medias and resources based on different teaching sessions.

DTC2

I use digital media based on different teaching sessions to enhance my teaching practice.

DTC3

I provide targeted study recommendations based on the student level.

DTC4

I choose the appropriate information-based teaching mode (e.g., project-based learning, resource-based learning, blended learning).

DTC5

I provide effective digital technologies to support communication, collaboration, and exploration for students (e.g., learning guidance, learning process).