Table 2 Unit root test with and without structural break Pesaran (2007).

From: The impact of education and digitalization on female labour force participation in BRICS: an advanced panel data analysis

Variables

I(0)

   

I(1)

 
 

CIPS

M-CIPS

  

CIPS

M-CIPS

FLFP

−3.023***

−5.027**

  

–

–

Digi

−4.011***

−7.022**

  

–

–

Edu

−6.041***

−6.122**

  

–

–

Fert

−4.057***

−4.041**

  

–

–

GDP

−3.025***

−6.131**

  

–

–

Bai and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2009)

 

Z

Pm

P

Z

Pm

P

FLFP

0.431

1.246

16.698

−3.551

15.655***

57.022***

Digi

1.168*

0.764

21.041

−4.088

29.044***

67.332***

Edu

5.689***

0.678

17.632

−2.941

12.684***

52.074***

Fert

4.320***

0.779

20.888

−6.746

18.007***

81.199***

GDP

0.123

1.015

10.324

−3.802

11.580***

70.557***

  1. The level of significance is determined by 1%, 5%, and 10% indicated through ***, **, and *, respectively. For Bai and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2009) test, 1%, 5% and 10% critical values (CV) for Z and Pm statistics are 2.326, 1.645, and 1.282 while the critical values (CV) for P are 56.06, 48.60, and 44.90, separately.
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