Table 2 The results of baseline regressions.

From: Exploring the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in environmental expenditure based on the CO2 ecological footprint in urban China

Variables

Dependent variable: lnCEF

FE

SDM(Econ-Dist)

DSDM(Econ-Dist)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

lnILEPE

−0.0521*

−0.0529***

−0.0195**

−0.0574***

−0.0201**

 

(0.0295)

(0.0130)

(0.0095)

(0.0138)

(0.0095)

lnpopsize

−0.7988***

−0.5183***

−0.1989*

−0.5561***

−0.1977*

 

(0.1592)

(0.1436)

(0.1067)

(0.1543)

(0.1067)

lnurbanrate

0.1083

0.1282***

0.0670***

0.1817**

0.0662***

 

(0.2173)

(0.0374)

(0.0205)

(0.0821)

(0.0075)

lnpergdp

0.3552***

0.3918***

0.1511***

0.3588***

0.1510***

 

(0.0702)

(0.0481)

(0.0481)

(0.0697)

(0.0482)

lnindust

0.1227

0.0910

0.0298

0.0567

0.0329

 

(0.1260)

(0.0718)

(0.0541)

(0.0740)

(0.0511)

lnfdi

−0.0082

−0.0035

−0.0019

−0.0029

−0.0017

 

(0.0101)

(0.0066)

(0.0068)

(0.0067)

(0.0046)

lngrpatent

−0.0269*

−0.0297***

−0.0122***

−0.0340***

−0.0121***

 

(0.0148)

(0.0117)

(0.0046)

(0.0125)

(0.0037)

ρ

 

0.1253***

0.3642***

0.2054***

0.2318***

  

(0.0286)

(0.0237)

(0.0349)

(0.0289)

lnCEF_L1.

  

0.9356****

 

0.9360***

   

(0.0146)

 

(0.0146)

W*lnCEF_L1.

   

0.0252

0.0351

    

(0.0471)

(0.0343)

W*X

 

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

City-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

R2

0.1791

0.3230

0.5915

0.1723

0.5936

Hausman test

207.92***

92.74***

   

Wald test for spatial lag

 

54.45***

   

LR test for spatial lag

 

57.00***

   

Wald test for spatial error

 

56.42***

   

LR test for spatial error

 

56.46***

   

N

2530

2530

2277

2277

2277

  1. W*X contains all explanatory variables and control variables. ***, **, * represent statistical significance at 1%, 5%, 10% levels, respectively, standard error in parenthesis.
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