Table 3 Results of decomposition of spatial effects.

From: Exploring the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in environmental expenditure based on the CO2 ecological footprint in urban China

Variables

Dependent variable: lnCEF

Long run

Short run

Direct

Indirect

Total

Direct

Indirect

Total

lnILEPE

−0.1017***

−0.1525***

−0.2542***

−0.0191**

−0.0092

−0.0283

 

(0.0330)

(0.0579)

(0.0551)

(0.0091)

(0.0171)

(0.0181)

lnpopsize

−0.4790

−0.7339

−1.2129**

−0.1989*

−0.1539

−0.3528*

 

(0.1096)

(0.2213)

(0.2254)

(0.1036)

(0.2100)

(0.2116)

lnurbanrate

−0.5244

−1.5915

−2.1159

0.0654

−0.2781**

−0.2127*

 

(1.0722)

(3.3862)

(3.3987)

(0.0684)

(0.1338)

(0.1314)

lnpergdp

0.1346***

0.2375**

0.6363**

0.1533***

−0.0523**

0.1010**

 

(0.0129)

(0.1158)

(0.3112)

(0.0471)

(0.0259)

(0.0440)

lnindust

−0.1963

0.3485

0.1522

−0.0333

0.0183

−0.0150

 

(3.6704)

(0.7407)

(0.7430)

(0.0531)

(0.0990)

(0.1006)

lnfdi

−0.0126

0.4827

0.4701

−0.0018

0.0032

0.0014

 

(0.7797)

(1.0075)

(1.0119)

(0.0044)

(0.0073)

(0.0079)

lngrpatent

−0.1433***

−0.1202

−0.2635**

−0.0127

−0.0102*

−0.0229

 

(0.0369)

(0.8031)

(0.1323)

(0.0084)

(0.0061)

(0.0159)

  1. ***, **, * represent statistical significance at 1%, 5%, 10% levels, respectively, standard error in parenthesis.
Back to article page