Table 4 Nonlinear relationship between the intensity of LEPE and the CEF.

From: Exploring the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in environmental expenditure based on the CO2 ecological footprint in urban China

Variables

Dependent variable: lnCEF

SDM

Queen

Dist

Econ

Econ-Dist

lnILEPE

0.1019***

0.0748**

0.0823***

0.0819***

 

(0.0196)

(0.0300)

(0.0298)

(0.0297)

(lnILEPE)2

−0.0432***

−0.0392***

−0.0408***

−0.0405***

 

(0.0078)

(0.0085)

(0.0080)

(0.0081)

W*lnILEPE

−0.0038

0.4877*

0.0494

0.0497

 

(0.0518)

(0.2558)

(0.0600)

(0.0555)

ρ

0.0973***

0.1476***

0.2151***

0.1311***

 

(0.0364)

(0.0499)

(0.0322)

(0.0285)

Direct effect

lnILEPE

0.1032***

0.0754***

0.0836***

0.0832***

 

(0.0304)

(0.0278)

(0.0313)

(0.0305)

(lnILEPE)2

−0.0436***

−0.0396***

−0.0412***

−0.0409***

 

(0.0082)

(0.0092)

(0.0103)

(0.0083)

Indirect effect

lnILEPE

0.0117

0.4124*

0.0574

0.0561

 

(0.0546)

(0.2308)

(0.0598)

(0.0550)

(lnILEPE)2

−0.0049

−0.0497

0.0101

0.0094

 

(0.0141)

(0.0611)

(0.0159)

(0.0145)

Control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

City-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

T-point

2.3588

1.9082

2.0172

2.0222

R2

0.1320

0.1712

0.1479

0.2057

Hausman test

73.57***

186.2***

185.2***

80.11***

Wald test for spatial lag

67.88***

22.93***

34.17***

35.76***

LR test for spatial lag

67.31***

26.28***

39.35***

40.54***

Wald test for spatial error

71.07***

19.97**

37.22***

38.16***

LR test for spatial error

70.40***

22.40***

37.38***

38.18***

N

2530

2530

2530

2530

  1. ***, **, * represent statistical significance at 1%, 5%, 10% levels, respectively, standard error in parenthesis.
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