Table 5 The moderating effect of the low-carbon pilot policy.

From: Exploring the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in environmental expenditure based on the CO2 ecological footprint in urban China

Variables

Dependent variable: lnCEF

SDM

Queen

Dist

Econ

Econ-Dist

lnILEPE

−0.0105***

−0.0277*

−0.0272*

−0.0210

 

(0.0024)

(0.0047)

(0.0103)

(0.0086)

Lowc*lnILEPE

−0.0766***

−0.0686***

−0.0650**

−0.0708***

 

(0.0254)

(0.0257)

(0.0277)

(0.0259)

W*lnILEPE

−0.0216

−0.2686***

−0.0814***

−0.0987***

 

(0.0294)

(0.0994)

(0.0286)

(0.0265)

ρ

0.0867**

0.1435***

0.1080***

0.0720***

 

(0.0362)

(0.0507)

(0.0323)

(0.0278)

Direct effect

lnILEPE

−0.0097

−0.0275

−0.0263*

−0.0188

 

(0.0168)

(0.0172)

(0.0150)

(0.0170)

Lowc*lnILEPE

−0.0758***

−0.0669***

−0.0634**

−0.0012***

 

(0.0252)

(0.0255)

(0.0255)

(0.0004)

Indirect effect

lnILEPE

−0.0233

−0.0244***

−0.0833***

−0.1042***

 

(0.0315)

(0.0092)

(0.0295)

(0.0284)

Lowc*lnILEPE

−0.0617***

−0.0698***

−0.0285

0.0075

 

(0.0211)

(0.0068)

(0.0601)

(0.0545)

Control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

City-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

R2

0.1977

0.2165

0.2248

0.2404

Hausman test

96.43***

776.2***

177.4***

76.31***

Wald test for spatial lag

52.75***

42.88***

42.92***

40.08***

LR test for spatial lag

52.26***

42.52***

42.56***

39.76***

Wald test for spatial error

50.34***

39.74***

41.94***

37.79***

LR test for spatial error

49.93***

42.40***

42.03***

37.75***

N

2530

2530

2530

2530

  1. ***, **, * represent statistical significance at 1%, 5%, 10% levels, respectively, standard error in parenthesis.
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