Table 6 Regional heterogeneity results.

From: Exploring the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in environmental expenditure based on the CO2 ecological footprint in urban China

Variables

Dependent variable: lnCEF

SDM

Queen

Dist

Econ

Econ-Dist

lnILEPE

−0.0917***

−0.1131***

−0.1061***

−0.1098

 

(0.0295)

(0.0315)

(0.0301)

(0.1299)

South*lnILEPE

0.1219

0.1046

0.1122

0.1158

 

(0.1386)

(0.1408)

(0.1393)

(0.1391)

Yangtze*lnILEPE

0.0055**

0.0118

0.0097**

0.0143***

 

(0.0023)

(0.0382)

(0.0048)

(0.0037)

North*lnILEPE

0.0670**

0.0978**

0.0687***

0.0752*

 

(0.0304)

(0.0448)

(0.0238)

(0.0436)

Capital*lnILEPE

0.0217

0.0414**

0.0824**

0.0248**

 

(0.0586)

(0.0181)

(0.0404)

(0.0118)

W* lnILEPE

−0.0982**

−0.2909**

0.0248

0.0640

 

(0.0499)

(0.1302)

(0.0443)

(0.0428)

ρ

0.0755**

0.1428***

0.1338***

0.1556***

 

(0.0366)

(0.0500)

(0.0326)

(0.0287)

Direct effect

lnILEPE

−0.0918***

−0.1124

−0.1051***

−0.1088***

 

(0.0303)

(0.0924)

(0.0309)

(0.0307)

South*lnILEPE

0.1215

0.1024

0.1101

0.1136

 

(0.1391)

(0.0915)

(0.1098)

(0.0796)

Yangtze*lnILEPE

−0.0036

0.0136

0.0109

0.0156**

 

(0.0366)

(0.0387)

(0.0372)

(0.0067)

North*lnILEPE

0.0582**

0.0959**

0.0672**

0.0737*

 

(0.0264)

(0.0460)

(0.0309)

(0.0447)

Capital*lnILEPE

0.0026**

0.0418**

0.0817**

0.0243**

 

(0.0012)

(0.0207)

(0.0379)

(0.0101)

Indirect effect

lnILEPE

−0.1073**

−0.2799**

−0.2810

−0.1673

 

(0.0513)

(0.1300)

(0.1873)

(0.1455)

South*lnILEPE

0.1440

−0.0457

0.1180

0.0711

 

(0.1669)

(0.1952)

(0.0852)

(0.0606)

Yangtze*lnILEPE

0.0633

−0.4344

−0.0426

0.0749

 

(0.0668)

(0.2956)

(0.0680)

(0.0616)

North*lnILEPE

0.0104**

0.2641

0.0312***

0.1664**

 

(0.0041)

(0.2156)

(0.0108)

(0.0722)

Capital*lnILEPE

0.1220

−0.6910

0.1098

−0.0723

 

(0.1043)

(0.4691)

(0.1284)

(0.1073)

Control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

City-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time-FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

R2

0.1812

0.2394

0.1962

0.1941

Hausman test

453.6***

213.4***

35.99***

914.9***

Wald test for spatial lag

59.79***

44.41***

58.99***

67.56***

LR test for spatial lag

59.10***

46.22***

59.00***

67.59***

Wald test for spatial error

59.72***

43.66***

58.84***

67.43***

LR test for spatial error

60.40***

46.36***

58.92***

67.46***

N

2530

2530

2530

2530

  1. ***, **, * represent statistical significance at 1%, 5%, 10% levels, respectively, standard error in parenthesis.