Fig. 2: Surplus extracted by hoteliers or consumers (%) before and after the COVID-19.

a Surplus extracted by hoteliers before the epidemic. b Surplus extracted by hoteliers after the epidemic. c Surplus extracted by consumers before the epidemic. d Surplus extracted by consumers after the epidemic. The figure shows a post-epidemic concentration of hotel surplus on the left axis, contrasting the pre-epidemic period. Conversely, consumer surplus shifts right, indicating increased post-epidemic consumer information and corresponding surplus gain.