Table 2 OLS estimates of ln hourly wage on education qualifications.
From: Dynamics of returns to vocational education in China: 2010–2017
(1)a | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | All years | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2015 | 2017 |
Education qualifications (Baseline: compulsory education and below) | |||||||
Vocational upper secondary | 0.245*** (0.024) | 0.231*** (0.057) | 0.210*** (0.079) | 0.202*** (0.048) | 0.244*** (0.049) | 0.264*** (0.070) | 0.289*** (0.066) |
Academic upper secondary | 0.195*** (0.021) | 0.178*** (0.046) | 0.158** (0.072) | 0.126*** (0.042) | 0.209*** (0.046) | 0.200*** (0.061) | 0.316*** (0.060) |
Vocational college | 0.514*** (0.024) | 0.506*** (0.058) | 0.371*** (0.084) | 0.439*** (0.050) | 0.522*** (0.049) | 0.625*** (0.065) | 0.628*** (0.060) |
Academic university | 0.753*** (0.027) | 0.788*** (0.070) | 0.646*** (0.087) | 0.697*** (0.059) | 0.762*** (0.056) | 0.770*** (0.071) | 0.867*** (0.062) |
Postgraduate and above | 1.087*** (0.055) | 1.190*** (0.130) | 0.763** (0.312) | 0.876*** (0.129) | 1.246*** (0.138) | 0.936*** (0.124) | 1.380*** (0.100) |
Experience | 0.030*** (0.003) | 0.020*** (0.007) | 0.021** (0.010) | 0.042*** (0.006) | 0.040*** (0.006) | 0.041*** (0.007) | 0.032*** (0.006) |
Experience squared | −0.001*** (0.000) | −0.000*** (0.000) | −0.000*** (0.000) | −0.001*** (0.000) | −0.001*** (0.000) | −0.001*** (0.000) | −0.001*** (0.000) |
Female (yes = 1) | −0.164*** (0.037) | −0.262*** (0.095) | −0.088 (0.123) | −0.274*** (0.096) | −0.020 (0.074) | −0.198** (0.092) | −0.049 (0.079) |
Marital status (Baseline: single) | |||||||
De facto | 0.265*** (0.090) | 0.167 (0.356) | −0.906** (0.452) | 0.293** (0.126) | 0.090 (0.185) | 0.593* (0.345) | 0.659*** (0.170) |
Married | 0.283*** (0.028) | 0.232*** (0.067) | 0.294*** (0.089) | 0.303*** (0.071) | 0.237*** (0.055) | 0.253*** (0.070) | 0.309*** (0.065) |
Re-married | 0.365*** (0.080) | 0.022 (0.269) | 0.481* (0.257) | 0.452*** (0.175) | 0.355* (0.207) | 0.410*** (0.158) | 0.246** (0.119) |
Separated | 0.092 (0.101) | 0.140 (0.148) | −1.782*** (0.178) | 0.130 (0.232) | 0.447 (0.344) | −0.501 (0.471) | 0.128 (0.179) |
Divorced | 0.151** (0.066) | 0.005 (0.180) | 0.044 (0.197) | 0.232* (0.127) | 0.337** (0.137) | −0.124 (0.193) | 0.049 (0.159) |
Widowed | 0.216** (0.104) | 0.264 (0.226) | 0.512*** (0.198) | −0.094 (0.222) | 0.154 (0.210) | 0.291 (0.297) | |
Female × De facto | −0.146 (0.134) | 1.055 (1.657) | 0.254 (0.653) | −0.143 (0.190) | −0.261 (0.267) | −0.360 (0.376) | −0.424* (0.229) |
Female × Married | −0.214*** (0.040) | −0.082 (0.100) | −0.344*** (0.130) | −0.131 (0.100) | −0.347*** (0.080) | −0.213** (0.100) | −0.298*** (0.087) |
Female × Re-married | −0.282** (0.120) | −0.334 (0.470) | −0.630* (0.333) | −0.215 (0.254) | −0.347 (0.293) | −0.307 (0.250) | 0.027 (0.257) |
Female × Separated | 0.093 (0.156) | 0.140 (0.203) | 1.700*** (0.376) | −0.416 (0.345) | 0.853 (1.252) | −0.052 (0.589) | 0.124 (0.388) |
Female × Divorced | 0.008 (0.094) | 0.080 (0.229) | 0.112 (0.336) | 0.006 (0.177) | −0.421** (0.194) | 0.307 (0.246) | 0.118 (0.230) |
Female × Widowed | −0.146 (0.138) | −0.079 (0.317) | −0.398 (0.252) | 0.229 (0.310) | −0.071 (0.310) | −0.626* (0.347) | |
Union (yes = 1) | 0.098*** (0.016) | 0.152*** (0.040) | 0.165*** (0.060) | 0.113*** (0.036) | 0.122*** (0.034) | −0.002 (0.046) | 0.003 (0.040) |
hukou (agricultural = 1) | −0.068*** (0.017) | −0.122*** (0.043) | −0.120** (0.057) | 0.003 (0.034) | −0.011 (0.037) | −0.015 (0.043) | −0.156*** (0.039) |
Ethnicity (minority = 1) | 0.016 (0.029) | −0.029 (0.058) | −0.062 (0.095) | 0.045 (0.063) | 0.087 (0.072) | 0.050 (0.082) | −0.050 (0.073) |
Party member (yes = 1) | 0.071*** (0.019) | 0.060 (0.045) | 0.108 (0.067) | 0.062 (0.040) | 0.120*** (0.043) | 0.022 (0.054) | 0.053 (0.048) |
Mother education | 0.010*** (0.002) | 0.013*** (0.005) | 0.013** (0.007) | 0.013*** (0.004) | 0.009** (0.004) | −0.002 (0.006) | 0.006 (0.005) |
Father education | 0.010*** (0.002) | 0.008* (0.004) | 0.010* (0.006) | 0.014*** (0.004) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.018*** (0.006) | 0.006 (0.005) |
Occupation - enterprise ownership (Baseline: agricultural job) | |||||||
State owned enterprise | 0.572*** (0.025) | 0.600*** (0.058) | 0.532*** (0.081) | 0.676*** (0.050) | 0.556*** (0.053) | 0.408*** (0.073) | 0.592*** (0.066) |
Collectively owned enterprise | 0.450*** (0.030) | 0.457*** (0.068) | 0.221* (0.117) | 0.530*** (0.059) | 0.412*** (0.057) | 0.312*** (0.093) | 0.548*** (0.083) |
Privately owned enterprise | 0.503*** (0.021) | 0.475*** (0.048) | 0.432*** (0.061) | 0.560*** (0.042) | 0.555*** (0.049) | 0.372*** (0.063) | 0.540*** (0.060) |
Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan funded enterprise | 0.587*** (0.071) | 0.671*** (0.198) | 0.541*** (0.201) | 0.724*** (0.139) | 0.604*** (0.140) | 0.482** (0.222) | 0.345*** (0.127) |
Foreign funded enterprise | 0.687*** (0.044) | 0.761*** (0.101) | 0.694*** (0.144) | 0.676*** (0.112) | 0.682*** (0.089) | 0.604*** (0.116) | 0.678*** (0.103) |
N | 20014 | 4130 | 2226 | 4669 | 3479 | 2557 | 2953 |
Adj R-squared | 0.515 | 0.454 | 0.439 | 0.480 | 0.537 | 0.439 | 0.513 |
Province FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
