Table 1 Elementary characteristics of the variables.
Variables | ID | Unit | Descriptive statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Missing | Min | Mean | Std. dev. | Max | |||
Annual net earnings—standardized average of 13 income categories by income group (Eurostat, 2022a) | Earnings | Purchasing power parity (EUR) | 9 (3.0%) | 0.000 | 0.469 | 0.220 | 0.949 |
Researchers full-time equivalent FTE business enterprise sector per 100,000 Inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022b) | R_FTE_Business_enterprise sector | Number of full-time equivalent researchers | 1 (0.3%) | 17.417 | 177.675 | 132.213 | 557.129 |
Researchers Full-time equivalent FTE government sector per 100,000 inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022b) | R_FTE_Government sector | Number of full-time equivalent researchers | 1 (0.3%) | 2.026 | 44.503 | 26.005 | 145.944 |
Researchers full-time equivalent FTE higher education sector per 100,000 inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022b) | R_FTE_Higher_education sector | Number of full-time equivalent researchers | 1 (0.3%) | 29.736 | 140.370 | 61.984 | 289.193 |
Researchers full-time equivalent FTE private non-profit sector per 100,000 inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022b) | R_FTE_Private_non_profit sector | Number of full-time equivalent researchers | 92 (31.0%) | 0.000 | 4.179 | 6.254 | 52.702 |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D business enterprise sector million purchasing power standards PPS per 100,000 inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022c) | GERD_Business_enterprise sector | EUR | 0 (0.0%) | 1.692 | 30.831 | 25.990 | 94.080 |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D government sector million purchasing power standards PPS per 100,000 Inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022c) | GERD_Government sector | EUR | 0 (0.0%) | 0.154 | 5.529 | 4.790 | 28.603 |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D higher education sector Million purchasing power standards PPS per 100,000 Inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022c) | GERD_Higher_education sector | EUR | 0 (0.0%) | 0.559 | 12.228 | 8.803 | 41.296 |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D private non-profit sector million purchasing power standards PPS per 100,000 inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022c) | GERD_Private_non_profit sector | EUR | 86 (29.0%) | 0.000 | 0.443 | 0.545 | 3.197 |
Patents related to recycling and secondary raw materials per 1,000,000 inhabitants (Eurostat, 2022e) | Number of patents | 27 (9.1%) | 0.000 | 0.809 | 1.249 | 11.860 | |
Circular material use rate (Eurostat, 2022d) | Percent | 0 (0.0%) | 1.200 | 8.671 | 6.427 | 30.900 | |
Human Development Index (Human Development Index, 2022) | HDI | Index <0;1> | 0 (0.0%) | 0.790 | 0.884 | 0.038 | 0.998 |
