Table 4 The regression model outcomes in the clustering approach—dependent variable: R&D; independent variable: Earnings.

From: Transforming power of research and development on inequality and well-being: a European Union perspective within the circular economy framework

Dependent variables

Cluster 1 (independent variable: Earnings)

Cluster 2 (independent variable: Earnings)

Model

Coeff

Estimate coeff (Std. Error) sig

R2

Model

Coeff

Estimate coeff (std. error) sig

R2

R_FTE_Business_enterprise

Within

α

-

0.448

Random White

α

31.696 (33.02) 0.339

0.173

β

339.641 (32.002) < 0.001

β

194.223 (23.837) < 0.001

R_FTE_Government

Random white

α

57.665 (8.707) < 0.001

0.001

Within

α

-

0.025

β

−10.875 (9.616) 0.26

β

11.116 (6.415) 0.086

R_FTE_Higher_education

Within

α

-

0.402

Random

α

117.621 (21.821) < 0.001

0.01

β

115.39 (11.94) < 0.001

β

31.103 (22.553) 0.168

R_FTE_Private_non_profit

Random white

α

0.145 (0.934) 0.877

0.226

Random white

α

1.76 (1.848) 0.345

0.017

β

6.482 (0.938) < 0.001

β

7.605 (4.271) 0.08

GERD_Business_enterprise

Random

α

16.145 (6.914) 0.02

0.309

Random white

α

7.022 (6.019) 0.245

0.195

β

54.273 (6.581) < 0.001

β

22.668 (2.188) < 0.001

GERD_Government

Random white

α

6.418 (1.584) < 0.001

0.026

Within Arellano

α

-

0.087

β

2.827 (1.621) 0.083

β

2.52 (1.303) 0.055

GERD_Higher_education

Random

α

6.81 (2.313) 0.003

0.466

Random white

α

5.928 (2.15) 0.007

0.094

β

18.115 (1.574) < 0.001

β

5.072 (1.269) < 0.001

GERD_Private_non_profit

Random white

α

0.12 (0.107) 0.267

0.103

Within Arellano

α

-

0.001

β

0.539 (0.114) < 0.001

β

−0.198 (0.52) 0.704

Back to article page