Table 6 The outputs of the regression model in the cluster classification—dependent variable: HDI; independent variables R&D.

From: Transforming power of research and development on inequality and well-being: a European Union perspective within the circular economy framework

independent variables

Cluster 1 (dependent variable: HDI)

Cluster 2 (dependent variable: HDI)

Model

Coeff

Estimate coeff (std. error) sig

R2

Model

Coeff

Estimate coeff (std. error) sig

R2

R_FTE_Business_enterprise

Random white

α

0.87 (0.008) < 0.001

0.221

Random

α

0.839 (0.008) < 0.001

0.294

β

0.00015 (0) < 0.001

β

0.00021 (0) < 0.001

R_FTE_Government

Random white

α

0.909 (0.008) < 0.001

0.004

Within

α

 

0.046

β

−0.00009 (0.0001) 0.306

β

0.001 (0) 0.014

R_FTE_Higher_education

Random white

α

0.862 (0.009) < 0.001

0.12

Random

α

0.835 (0.012) < 0.001

0.104

β

0.00028 (0) < 0.001

β

0.00021 (0.0001) < 0.001

R_FTE_Private_non_profit

Random

α

0.889 (0.007) < 0.001

0.831

Random

α

0.856 (0.015) < 0.001

0.631

β

0.00367 (0.0011) < 0.001

β

−0.00041 (0.0002) 0.074

GERD_Business_enterprise

Random white

α

0.873 (0.006) < 0.001

0.238

Within

α

 

0.316

β

0.00072 (0.0001) < 0.001

β

0.002 (0) < 0.001

GERD_Government

Random white

α

0.897 (0.008) < 0.001

0.014

Random

α

0.851 (0.012) < 0.001

0.029

β

0.00097 (0.0005) 0.039

β

0.00395 (0.0019) 0.039

GERD_Higher_education

Random white

α

0.865 (0.008) < 0.001

0.204

Random

α

0.825 (0.008) < 0.001

0.284

β

0.00244 (0.0003) < 0.001

β

0.00467 (0.0006) < 0.001

GERD_Private_non_profit

Random

α

0.893 (0.007) < 0.001

0.746

Random

α

0.856 (0.016) < 0.001

0.558

β

0.02073 (0.0087) 0.018

β

−0.00333 (0.004) 0.408

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