Table 3 Effects of each type of environmental regulation on green innovation.

From: Revisiting the Porter hypothesis: a multi-country meta-analysis of the relationship between environmental regulation and green innovation

Type of regulation

Number of studies

Sample size

Effect size

95% CI

p-value

Overall regulation

25

717,500

0.10*

[0.02, 0.19]

0.02

Command and control regulation

28

124,193

0.12***

[0.09, 0.16]

<0.001

Market incentive regulation

7

5762

0.12

[−0.01, 0.25]

>0.05

Voluntary regulation

6

2298

0.02

[−0.08, 0.13]

>0.05

Other regulations

4

6463

0.24**

[0.08, 0.40]

0.003

  1. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 (significance levels based on two-tailed tests).
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