Table 4 Effects of different dimensions of environmental regulation on each identified measure of green innovation.
Type of regulation | Measures of green innovation | No. of studies | Sample size | Effect size | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall regulation | Number of patents | 15 | 711,134 | 0.13 | [−0.02, 0.29] | >0.05 |
New-product sales revenue | 1 | 29 | 0.66*** | [0.27, 1.04] | 0.001 | |
R&D expenditure/revenue | 1 | 3557 | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.03] | >0.05 | |
Questionnaire measures regarding green innovation | 2 | 227 | 0.35*** | [0.22, 0.48] | <0.001 | |
Energy-based indices | 1 | 2053 | 0.12*** | [0.07, 0.16] | <0.001 | |
Pollution-based indices | 2 | 51 | −0.26 | [−1.90, 1.37] | >0.05 | |
Other measures | 3 | 449 | 0.01 | [−0.17, 0.20] | >0.05 | |
Command and control regulation | Number of patents | 21 | 58,816 | 0.16*** | [0.10, 0.22] | <0.001 |
Frequency of terms mentioned in the annual report | 2 | 3947 | 0.17 | [−0.05, 0.40] | >0.05 | |
Questionnaire measures regarding green innovation | 3 | 822 | 0.14*** | [0.05, 0.22] | 0.001 | |
Energy-based indices | 2 | 60,608 | −0.04 | [−0.17, 0.09] | >0.05 | |
Market incentive regulation | Number of patents | 4 | 4550 | 0.08 | [−0.08, 0.24] | >0.05 |
Questionnaire measures regarding green innovation | 2 | 604 | 0.30*** | [0.22, 0.38] | <0.001 | |
Energy-based indices | 1 | 608 | −0.08* | [−0.16, −0.00] | 0.04 | |
Voluntary regulation | Number of patents | 5 | 2109 | 0.08* | [0.00, 0.15] | 0.04 |
New-product sales revenue | 1 | 189 | −0.22** | [−0.36, −0.07] | 0.003 | |
Other regulations | Number of patents | 1 | 464 | 0.47*** | [0.38, 0.57] | <0.001 |
Questionnaire measures regarding green innovation | 3 | 5999 | 0.17 | [−0.00, 0.33] | >0.05 |
