Table 6 Results of the test of potential moderators.
Group | Effect size and 95% confidence interval | Heterogeneity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of studies | Point estimate | Sample size | 95% CI | Q-value | p-value | |
Overall regulation and number of patents | ||||||
Country type | ||||||
Developing country | 12 | 0.10 | 4144 | [−0.18, 0.37] | 0.98 | 0.32 |
Developed country | 3 | 0.37 | 706,990 | [−0.10, 0.71] | ||
Level of analysis | ||||||
Firm | 6 | 0.09 | 707,931 | [−0.00, 0.19] | 13.96 | 0.003** |
City | 3 | −0.36 | 3035 | [−0.83, 0.41] | ||
Province | 3 | 0.29 | 90 | [−0.13, 0.62] | ||
Country | 3 | 0.68 | 78 | [0.40, 0.85] | ||
Overall regulation and pollution-based indices | ||||||
Level of analysis | ||||||
Firm | 1 | −0.80 | 21 | [−0.92, −0.56] | 30.02 | 0.000*** |
Province | 1 | 0.51 | 30 | [0.19, 0.74] | ||
Command and control regulation and number of patents | ||||||
Country type | ||||||
Developing country | 17 | 0.14 | 20,369 | [0.06, 0.22] | 4.08 | 0.04* |
Developed country | 4 | 0.39 | 38,447 | [0.16, 0.58] | ||
Level of analysis | ||||||
Firm | 14 | 0.10 | 58,013 | [0.04, 0.16] | 10.18 | 0.02* |
City | 1 | 0.20 | 266 | [0.08, 0.31] | ||
Province | 3 | 0.25 | 450 | [0.16, 0.33] | ||
Country | 3 | 0.62 | 87 | [0.01, 0.89] | ||
Market incentive regulation and number of patents | ||||||
Level of analysis | ||||||
Firm | 1 | 0.13 | 573 | [0.04, 0.21] | 36.49 | 0.000*** |
City | 1 | −0.07 | 3557 | [−0.11, −0.04] | ||
Province | 2 | 0.17 | 420 | [0.07, 0.26] | ||
