Table 1 Constructs measured, original instruments, adaptations, and answer scale.

Intergenerational solidarity dimensions:

Multidimensional scale by Cavallotti, Grau-Grau, Marimon and Gas-Aixendri (2017)

5-point Likert scale (Higher levels of solidarity are expressed by higher index scores)

1. Normative

(11 items; ∝ = 0.80)^a

(e.g., Adult children should provide companionship or spend time with elderly parents who are in need)

“totally unimportant” to “totally important”

2. Associational

(7 items; ∝ = 0.88)^a

(e.g., We often attend religious activities)

“totally unimportant” to “totally important”

3. Affectual

(4 items; ∝ = 0.72)^a

(e.g., How much affection for your parents?)

“very low” to “very high”

4. Consensual

(4 items; ∝ = 0.68)^a

(e.g., Do you identify yourself with the ethical principles that your parents have transmitted to you?)

“very low” to “very high”

5. Functional

(2 items; ∝ = 0.70)^a

(e.g., Have you received more than 1.000 euros from your parents in the past 12 months?)

“very low” to “very high”

6. Systematic

(5 items; ∝ = 0.60)^a

(e.g., When there are conflicts among family members, do you try to facilitate reconciliation?)

“very low” to “very high”

Psychological ambivalence

A shortened version of an instrument comprising 9 items measuring conflicting emotions, motives, and behaviors

(Michels et al., 2011)

(∝ = 0.85)

(e.g., On the one hand I have the feeling that my mother/father is proud of me, but on the other hand she/he always wants to change me)

7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 “totally disagree” to 7 “totally agree”^b;c

Adaptation

12 items adapted from the Brief Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (BSAS, Demes & Geeraert, 2014)

(∝ = 0.80)

(e.g., I’m comfortable with the climate of my host country (temperature, rainfall, humidity))

7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 “totally disagree” to 7 “totally agree”^c

Acculturation orientation

6 items adapted from the Brief Acculturation Orientation Scale (BAOS, Demes & Geeraert, 2014)

(∝ = 0.61)

(e.g., I have friends in my host country)

7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 “totally disagree” to 7 “totally agree”^c

Social cohesion

5 items adapted from Boreham et al. (2013)

(∝ = 0.79)

(e.g., People around here are willing to help their neighbors)

7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 “totally disagree” to 7 “totally agree”^c;d

Perceived satisfaction with social connections

4 items adapted from the World Values Survey

(Inglehart and Welzel, 2005)

(∝ = 0.85)

(e.g., I spend time socially with work colleagues)

7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 “totally disagree” to 7 “totally agree”^c

Socio-demographic variables