Fig. 1: SEM of the relations between target needs and academic self-efficacy.

Note: SEM model results showing significant regression paths. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Goodness-of-fit indices: χ² = 3064.855, df = 467, χ2/df = 6.563, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.064.