Table 2 Stance markers used in CEE and MICUSP.

From: A corpus-based comparison of linguistic markers of stance and genre in the academic writing of novice and advanced engineering learners

Stance markers

Subconstructs

CEE

MICUSP

M

SD

M

SD

Hedges

Approximative hedges

26.96

20.74

15.08

12.93

Self-mention hedges

0.10

0.31

0.59

1.73

Evidential verb hedges

11.26

12.95

6.36

6.60

Modal hedges

68.28

51.95

19.10

17.43

Boosters

 

93.17

46.51

34.89

29.95

Code glosses

Elucidation

4.95

7.12

1.46

1.95

Exemplification

14.76

12.03

4.96

5.20

Emphasis

2.76

3.33

2.05

2.74

Counter-expectancy

0.46

6

0.85

1.35

Contrastive connectors

28.55

23.93

22.09

17.32

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