Table 3 Comparison of the stance marker use in CEE and MICUSP.

From: A corpus-based comparison of linguistic markers of stance and genre in the academic writing of novice and advanced engineering learners

  

Normalized frequencies

Pearson’s chi-square test

Fisher’s exact test

CEE

MICUSP

Hedges

Approximative hedges

32.24

49.26

226.17***

0.000 ***

Self-mention hedges

0.12

1.92

122.77***

0.000 ***

Evidential verb hedges

13.46

20.76

98.95***

0.000 ***

Modal hedges

81.65

62.42

149.56***

0.000 ***

Boosters

 

87.49

114

218.41***

0.000 ***

Code glosses

Elucidation

5.92

4.76

7.25*

0.007*

Exemplification

17.65

16.19

3.75

0.055

Emphasis

3.30

6.66

74.31***

0.000 ***

Counter-expectancy

0.55

2.76

106.49***

0.000 ***

Contrastive connectors

34.14

72.16

902.77***

0.000 ***

  1. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.
Back to article page