Table 7 Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality tests for variables in differences.

From: Modeling the link between tourism and economic development: evidence from homogeneous panels of countries

 

H0: Development does not cause tourism

Lags

Statistics

All countries

Group A

Group B

Group C

1

Z-bar

−0.5574 (0.7400)

−1.0364 (0.4340)

−0.0548 (0.9760)

0.4888 (0.7460)

Z-bar tilde

−1.1800 (0.3020)

−1.2453 (0.2460)

−0.3947 (0.6920)

−0.0218 (0.9920)

2

Z-bar

0.0271 (1.0000)

−2.5254 (0.1060)

1.2343 (0.4340)

1.1340 (0.5400)

Z-bar tilde

−1.1210 (0.3320)

−2.5659 (0.0140)

0.3984 (0.7500)

0.2003 (0.8700)

3

Z-bar

1.0604 (0.8580)

−1.7645 (0.3480)

1.3504 (0.4820)

1.0867 (0.6600)

Z-bar tilde

−0.8422 (0.4420)

−2.0920 (0.0360)

0.1757 (0.8660)

−0.1762 (0.8620)

Obs.

123

36

29

43

  1. Numbers in parentheses are p values corrected by cross-sectional dependence (500 bootstrap replications).
  2. Statistically significant: the null hypothesis of non-causality is rejected.
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