Table 4 Descriptive statistics of variables.

Rural residents’ SWB

1 = very unhappy; 2 = relatively unhappy; 3 = so-so; 4 = relatively happy; 5 = very happy

3.632

0.927

1

5

LnRLEI

Adding 1 to RLEI scores and taking the natural logarithm

1.068

0.315

0

1.386

LnRural sewage program

Adding 1 to rural sewage program scores and taking the natural logarithm

0.314

0.345

0

0.693

LnRural waste program

Adding 1 to rural waste program scores and taking the natural logarithm

0.571

0.263

0

0.693

LnLivestock manure program

Adding 1 to rural livestock manure scores and taking the natural logarithm

0.529

0.295

0

0.693

Gender

0 = female; 1 = male

0.504

0.500

0

1

Marital status

0 = unmarried; 1 = married

0.842

0.365

0

1

Party member

0 = other; 1 = party member

0.037

0.189

0

1

Household income

The approximate total household income last year (in natural logarithms).

10.199

1.261

0.693

13.816

Transportation

Condition of hardened roads in villages 0 = no; 1 = Yes

0.526

0.224

0

1

Village’s expenditure on public goods

The village’s total expenditure on public services and public affairs was in millions of yuan last year (in natural logarithms).

3.810

2.954

0.182

12.620