Fig. 3: The proportion of monolingual Hindi, English, and Hindi-English code-mixed usage with volume.

A. Proportion of tweets made with different languages. The volume (secondary y-axis) shows the increase in the total number of tweets made by the Indian Hindi-speaking population. Both the quarterly and daily time-series data show an upward trend in code-mixed usage between 2015 and 2020 before saturating in 2021. B. Proportion of users from different language groups. The upward trend in both volume and code-mixing population shows the adaptiveness of the Indian Hindi-speaking population in terms of using code-mixing language on Twitter.