Table 2 Measurement model.
Construct | Measurement items | Loading | Cronbach’s α | Composite reliability | Average variance extracted | Variance inflation factor | Skewness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO | CO1: I receive many junk emails concerning health services. | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.79 | 3.23 | −0.34 |
CO2: I often feel overloaded with information concerning related services. | 0.92 | 4.85 | −0.25 | ||||
CO3: I receive more information than I can process about e-health. | 0.92 | 4.34 | −0.173 | ||||
CO4: I generally get too many notifications of push messages, news feeds. | 0.88 | 3.549 | −0.39 | ||||
CO5: I frequently send a greater number of messages than I initially intended to. | 0.86 | 2.29 | −0.05 | ||||
CHO | CHO1: When considering eHS, there are too many options to choose from. | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 2.79 | −0.23 |
CHO2: When considering health-related services online, I need help choosing what would be most suitable for me. | 0.91 | 2.87 | −0.32 | ||||
CHO3: I feel overwhelmed by the variety of health-related choices available through eHS online. | 0.93 | 3.08 | −0.32 | ||||
PR | PR1: Engaging in eHS can lead to errors and damage to one’s health. | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 3.77 | −0.002 |
PR2: It is uncertain whether eHS would be as effective as I think. | 0.95 | 4.61 | −0.13 | ||||
PR3: It is probable that eHS would not be worth their cost (e.g., subscriptions to use health apps). | 0.93 | 3.31 | −0.08 | ||||
HL | HL1: It is challenging to determine the reliability of health risk information in the media. | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.82 | 3.49 | −0.46 |
HL2: It is difficult to determine which everyday behaviors are connected to my overall health. | 0.90 | 3.58 | −0.41 | ||||
HL3: It is challenging to find information on how to handle health problems such as stress or depression effectively. | 0.93 | 3.39 | −0.26 | ||||
HL4: Determining how to protect yourself from illness based upon information in the media is not easy. | 0.90 | 3.42 | −0.46 | ||||
NA | NA1: It is not necessary to use eHS. | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 4.19 | 0.02 |
NA2: Using eHS is not a good idea. | 0.97 | 7.24 | 0.14 | ||||
NA3: I do not consider eHS a beneficial choice to access healthcare services. | 0.96 | 6.22 | 0.10 | ||||
SN | SN1: My doctors think I should not use eHS. | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.80 | 2.48 | 0.14 |
SN2: Most people think that adopting eHS is not good. | 0.92 | 3.93 | −0.12 | ||||
SN3: My family believes that traditional healthcare services (i.e., face to face with a healthcare provider) are preferable to adopting eHS. | 0.85 | 2.67 | −0.35 | ||||
SN4: Most people think that eHS are not necessary. | 0.92 | 3.84 | −0.19 | ||||
PBC | PBC1: Using eHS is easy. | 0.81 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 3.20 | −0.45 |
PBC2: Using eHS is possible. | 0.93 | 4.14 | −0.84 | ||||
PBC3: Using eHS is up to me. | 0.92 | 4.85 | −0.79 | ||||
PBC4: Using eHS is under my control. | 0.90 | 4.74 | −0.63 | ||||
PBC5: I am confident in my ability to effectively use eHS. | 0.94 | 4.65 | −0.69 | ||||
INTU | INTU1: I predict that I will not use eHS in the near future. | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 6.56 | −0.01 |
INTU2: I have no plans to use eHS in the near future. | 0.97 | 7.26 | −0.02 | ||||
INTU3: I am not inclined to try out or explore e-health platforms. | 0.94 | 4.00 | −0.12 | ||||
NAB | NAB1: Using eHS is not in my bucket list when it comes to healthcare. | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 3.78 | −0.92 |
NAB2: I am assured that I do not need to use eHS even if they are available to me. | 0.95 | 3.70 | −0.67 | ||||
NAB3: I consistently opt for traditional healthcare methods instead of using eHS. | 0.93 | 3.75 | −0.88 |
