Table 3 ADF, DF-GLS, P-P unit root tests.

From: Navigating the nexus: unraveling technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO2 emissions through symmetric and asymmetric analysis

Log levels

Log 1st difference

Variables

ADF

DF-GLS

P-P

ADF

DF-GLS

P-P

LCO2

−4.103***

−0.813

−4.805***

−0.167

−4.752***

−4.937***

LEG

−0.940

1.206

−0.929

−5.263***

−4.205***

−5.257***

LTON

−1.413

−1.165

−1.687

−3.372**

−3.431***

−3.402**

ICT

−0.2080

−0.544

−0.035

−3.174**

−3.083***

−3.173**

LTIN

−2.904*

−2.279**

−2.611

−13.665***

−0.883***

−13.665***

  1. “(***), (**), and (*) represent 1%, 5%, and 10% level of significance, respectively”.
  2. Source: Authors’ own computation.
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