Table 5 Non-linearity BDS test statistic.

From: Navigating the nexus: unraveling technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO2 emissions through symmetric and asymmetric analysis

BDS statistic

Dimen ii

Dimen iii

Dimen iv

Dimen v

Dimen vi

LCO2

0.205***

0.349***

0.450***

0.521***

0.572***

LEG

0.185***

0.185***

0.317***

0.413***

0.540***

LTON

0.155***

0.259***

0.324***

0.352***

0.364***

ICT

0.181***

0.295***

0.364***

0.402***

0.417***

LTIN

0.005

0.056***

0.111***

0.164***

0.207***

  1. “*** represent 1% level of significance”.
  2. Source: Authors’ own computation.
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