Table 9 Granger causality test results.

From: Navigating the nexus: unraveling technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO2 emissions through symmetric and asymmetric analysis

Direction of causality

F-statistics

P-value

Decision

LEG → LCO2

0.475

0.626

 

LCO2 → LEG

0.675

0.517

 

LTIN → LCO2

4.623**

0.0184

TIN ↔ CO2

LCO2 → LTIN

3.526**

0.0431

 

ICT → LCO2

0.765

0.474

 

LCO2 → ICT

2.526*

0.098

CO2 → ICT

LTON → LCO2

4.150**

0.026

TON ↔ CO2

LCO2 → LTON

6.192***

0.005

 
  1. “*** indicates significance at 1% level, ** indicates significance at 5% level, * indicates significance at 10% level”.
  2. Source: Authors’ own computation.
Back to article page