Table 1 Examples of literature selection and the coding process of social friction phenomena.

From: Mechanical modeling of friction phenomena in social systems based on friction force

Literature selection

Initial coding

Main category

Core category

Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1997)

Not understood/supported by others

Interpersonal Friction

Implicit Friction

Clinical significance of individual GAD symptoms in later life (Miloyan and Pachana, 2016)

Argument with friends, family, or colleagues

Leveraging effective friction to improve online creative collaboration: An experimental design (Saigot, 2022)

Affective misalignment

Interpersonal benefits of defensive pessimism: Defensive pessimism and negative focus interact to predict positive evaluation (Shimizu and Nakashima, 2017)

Feel stressed/

Mentally fatiguing

Culture, interpersonal stress, and psychological distress (Hashimoto et al. 2012)

Inhibit assertiveness

Situational teaching strategies to reduce cognitive friction in knowledge acquisition (Li, 2020)

Knowledge gap

Cognitive Friction

Analysis of the three constraints of institutional transition and innovation (Guo, 2005)

Ideological differences

Using big data techniques for measuring productive friction in mass collaboration online environments (Holtz et al. 2018)

Research of design elements based on cognitive friction (Chen, 2017)

Cognitive resistance

Evaluation and balance of cognitive friction: Evaluation of product target image form combining entropy and game theory (Qiu et al. 2020)

Cognitive biases

Do you not see the reason for yourself? Political withdrawal and the experience of epistemic friction (Schaap, 2020)

Marginalized groups

A study on the cultural friction of Japanese-funded enterprises in the cross-cultural context (Jin, 2012)

Differences in value

Cultural Friction

“Cultural distance” and “cultural friction” in the international business (Zhang et al. 2013)

Bidirectionality

The cultural friction between the Japanese orphans left behind in China and their Japanese relatives: The difference of role expectations (Seiko, 2008)

Cultural inertia

From “distance” to “friction”: Substituting metaphors and redirecting intercultural research (Shenkar et al. 2008)

Cultural distance

Subsidiary staffing, cultural friction, and subsidiary performance: Evidence from Korean subsidiaries in 63 countries (Singh et al. 2019)

Toward a perspective of cultural friction in international business (Luo and Shenkar, 2011)

Cultural resistance

<i>Youssou N’dour: I bring what i lovei> (2008) as a window into the friction between Islam and popular music in Senegal (Camara, 2020)

Conflicts

Interculturalism and non-formal education in Brazil: A Buberian perspective (Guilherme et al. 2012)

Apartheid/Segregation laws

The structure and problems of intensified international technological friction (Zhai and Sun, 1985)

Disputes over scientific and technological issues

Technological Friction

Friction and profiting in collaboration of technology innovation: A case of TD-SCDMA industry (Zhang and Du, 2016)

The new informational paradigm: Developing practice-led approaches to the use of mobile ICT in social work (Baker et al. 2018)

Software issues/

Hardware/Friction

Linking excessive SNS use, technological friction, strain, and discontinuance: the moderating role of guilt (Luqman et al. 2020)

Technology-family/work/

personal health friction

Block ownership and firm-specific information (Brockman and Yan, 2009)

Information asymmetry/

Information uncertainty

Information Friction

Does anonymity matter in electronic limit order markets? (Thierry et al. 2007)

Information friction and investor home bias: A perspective on the effect of global IFRS adoption on the extent of equity home bias (Beneish and Yohn, 2008)

Friction (Stoll, 2000)

Financial speculation, real demand and international commodity price: Impact analysis from the perspective of informational frictions (Liu et al. 2018)

Information noise

Does China’s budget change follow punctuated-equilibrium logics: Evidence from China’s budget data of 2007–2009 (Li et al. 2019)

Horizontal/Vertical institutional friction

Institutional Friction

Explicit Friction

The affection and inspiration of Sino-US trade friction on the development of China’s foreign trade (Sun, 2006)

Institutional differences/

Institutional conflicts

The current systemic friction in international trade is worthy of attention (Cheng, 2012)

Analysis of the adaptability efficiency of “Village Reformation”: Taking J village in Tengzhou, Shandong province as an example (He and Lu, 2015)

A general empirical law of public budgets: A comparative analysis (Jones et al. 2009)

Political frictions and public policy outcomes (Grechyna, 2016)

Political change

Punctuated equilibrium in comparative perspective (Baumgartner et al. 2009)

Institutional rules that block policy making

Understanding the evolution and performance of water markets and allocation policy: A transaction costs analysis framework (Garrick et al. 2013)

Transition and transaction costs

Financial frictions (Hall, 2013)

The difference between the return and cost

Economic Friction

Historical and strategic concern over the US-China trade war: Will they be within the WTO? (Hur, 2018)

Inevitability/spillover

US trade wars in the twenty‐first century with emerging countries: Make America and its partners lose again (Bouet and Laborde, 2018)

Conflict of interest

Loss of interest

Emerging countries and the effects of the trade war between US and China (Carvalho et al. 2009)

Research on cost conduct definition and management (Ding and Wang, 2001)

Opportunism

Bounded rationality

Behavioral Friction

An analysis of the frictional interaction between urban migrant workers and citizens (Huang, 2003)

Behavioral conflict

The interpersonal rift in the community after the epidemic crisis needs to be paid attention to and bridged (Yu and Bai, 2020)

Boosting college prospects among low-income students: Using self-affirmation to trigger motivation and a behavioral ladder to channel it (Fotuhi et al. 2022)

Behavioral barriers

Housing price, migration friction, and City-size distribution in China: Theory model and structure estimation (Liu and Li, 2017)

Household register restrictions

Migration Friction

Does the migration friction of rural labor affect the structure of rural migrant labor’s quantity and wage? (Han et al. 2018)

Obstacles to space allocation

Spatial frictions (Behrens et al. 2017)

Urban accounting and welfare (Desmet and Rossi-Hansberg, 2013)

Culture, interpersonal stress, and psychological distress (Hashimoto et al. 2012)

Negative affect

Non-economic cost

Friction cost

Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1997)

Leveraging effective friction to improve online creative collaboration: An experimental design (Saigot, 2022)

Affective alignment

What leads a movement to disband? Frictions within the Kopi Badati movement, Ambon, Indonesia (Rohman and Pitaloka, 2021)

Disintegration

A vast machine: Computer models, climate data, and the politics of global warming (Edwards, 2010)

Time, energy, and attention

The social cost of substance abuse in Russia (Potapchik and Popovich, 2014)

Economic burden

Economic cost

Cost analysis of “Replacing Business Tax with Value-added Tax” from the perspective of institutional economics (Zhang, 2014)

Fiscal pressure

Search and resale frictions in a two-sided online platform: A case of multi-use assets (Yoshimoto and Nakabayashi, 2019)

Two-sided transaction costs in online platform trades

International trade friction and the cost of debt: Evidence from China (Feng et al. 2021)

Deft cost