Table 2 Standard random effects estimates.

From: Grade inflation effects of capacity expansion in higher education: a longitudinal study in undergraduate teacher education programs from 2003 to 2022

Variable name

Random effects

Students’ characteristic

  ln (% female)

0.37 (0.073)*

University characteristics

  ln (percentile of the last student)

−0.41 (0.059)*

  Faculty age

−0.13 (0.182)*

  Non-profit private universities

0.03 (1.983)

σi

0.095

σe

0.084

rhoi

0.796

Within R2

0.635

Observations

173,232

Number of universities

32

  1. *P < 0.001.
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