Table 1 ARIMA Results based on the U.S. Congressional speeches.

From: Moral attitudes towards effort and efficiency: a comparison between American and Chinese history

Predictor

(p, d, q)

Coef

SE

t

p

(p, d, q)

Coef

SE

t

p

Effort Model

GDP-Adjusted Effort Model

Individualism

(0, 1, 1)

0.01

0.01

1.46

0.15

(0, 1, 1)

0.01

0.01

0.71

0.48

Collectivism

(0, 1, 1)

−0.01

0.01

−1.20

0.23

(0, 1, 1)

−0.00

0.01

−0.09

0.93

Looseness

(0, 1, 1)

0.03

0.01

3.39

0.00

(1, 0, 1)

0.03

0.01

3.30

0.00

Tightness

(0, 1, 1)

-0.00

0.01

−0.67

0.50

(0, 1, 1)

−0.00

0.01

-0.44

0.66

Efficiency Model

GDP-Adjusted Efficiency Model

Individualism

(0, 1, 1)

−0.01

0.01

−1.30

0.20

(1, 0, 1)

0.01

0.01

2.21

0.03

Collectivism

(1, 0, 1)

0.01

0.00

−5.13

0.00

(1, 0, 1)

−0.01

0.01

−1.65

0.10

Looseness

(0, 1, 1)

0.00

0.01

0.07

0.94

(1, 0, 1)

−0.00

0.01

−0.36

0.72

Tightness

(0, 1, 1)

−0.01

0.00

−1.06

0.29

(1, 0, 1)

−0.00

0.00

−0.91

0.36

Inefficient Effort Model

GDP-Adjusted Inefficient Effort Model

Individualism

(3, 1, 1)

−0.00

0.01

−0.19

0.85

(3, 1, 1)

−0.01

0.01

−0.82

0.41

Collectivism

(3, 1, 1)

−0.01

0.01

−0.92

0.36

(3, 1, 1)

−0.00

0.02

−0.06

0.95

Looseness

(1, 1, 1)

−0.02

0.02

−0.97

0.33

(0, 0, 0)

0.06

0.01

10.97

0.00

Tightness

(3, 1, 1)

0.01

0.01

1.39

0.17

(3, 1, 1)

0.01

0.01

1.64

0.10

  1. The ARIMA models on the left have one of the cultural variables as their predictor. The models on the right additionally included the log-transformed GDP per capita as a control variable. The ARIMA model parameters are specified by its nonseasonal components (p, d, q). “Coef”: coefficient; SE: standard error.
  2. Bolded statistics indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 level.