Table 5 Spatial spillover effect.
From: Smart city construction empowers tourism: mechanism analysis and spatial spillover effects
Tourism revenue | Tourist arrivals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geographic distance matrix | Economic distance matrix | Geo-economic nested matrix | Geographic distance matrix | Economic distance matrix | Geo-economic nested matrix | |
Smart City | 0.225** (0.088) | 0.210** (0.089) | 0.216** (0.094) | 0.155*** (0.052) | 0.159*** (0.051) | 0.162*** (0.050) |
W*SmartCity | 0.311*** (0.097) | 0.304*** (0.056) | 0.284*** (0.075) | 0.327*** (0.113) | 0.146*** (0.039) | 0.183*** (0.046) |
ρ | 0.460*** (0.007) | 0.448*** (0.074) | 0.283*** (0.071) | 0.547*** (0.040) | 0.365*** (0.028) | 0.626*** (0.049) |
Direct effect | 0.231** (0.092) | 0.228** (0.093) | 0.240** (0.109) | 0.163*** (0.049) | 0.163*** (0.048) | 0.169*** (0.058) |
Indirect effect | 0.439*** (0.098) | 0.690*** (0.177) | 0.737*** (0.174) | 0.765*** (0.130) | 0.448*** (0.096) | 0.637*** (0.127) |
Total effect | 0.670*** (0.112) | 0.917*** (0.185) | 0.977*** (0.193) | 0.929*** (0.137) | 0.611*** (0.102) | 0.806*** (0.139) |
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
City fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 5643 | 5643 | 5643 | 5643 | 5643 | 5643 |
R2 | 0.596 | 0.628 | 0.613 | 0.444 | 0.437 | 0.519 |
