Table 1 Fixed effect model of food consumption and health expenditure.

From: The evolution of animal-based dietary structure has contributed to the increase of healthcare expenditures in China

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Per capita

Household

State financial

Personal

Total

Grain

0.592* (0.249)

0.363 (0.268)

−0.143 (0.107)

−1.790*** (0.489)

−0.351** (0.125)

Vegetables

−0.000859 (0.125)

−0.0647 (0.134)

−0.00345 (0.0537)

0.0991 (0.245)

0.0541 (0.0627)

Fruits

2.027** (0.702)

3.111*** (0.757)

−1.832*** (0.303)

12.16*** (1.382)

2.565*** (0.353)

Oilseeds

−6.848* (3.152)

−7.924* (3.396)

4.265** (1.358)

−18.34** (6.201)

−6.275*** (1.585)

Eggs

15.95*** (3.771)

20.52*** (4.063)

−4.885** (1.625)

38.85*** (7.420)

7.253*** (1.896)

Dairy

3.181** (1.231)

3.004* (1.326)

−0.208 (0.530)

4.591 (2.422)

0.927 (0.619)

Aquatic product

0.122 (0.147)

0.103 (0.158)

0.0800 (0.0632)

−0.151 (0.288)

−0.0126 (0.0737)

Meat

−4.275** (1.421)

−5.359*** (1.532)

2.476*** (0.612)

−3.118 (2.797)

0.404 (0.715)

Number of health checks

−0.00175* (0.000696)

−0.00125 (0.000750)

0.00537*** (0.000300)

−0.0154*** (0.00137)

−0.00136*** (0.000350)

Number of health institutions

−0.0114 (0.0133)

−0.00739 (0.0143)

0.128*** (0.00573)

0.265*** (0.0262)

0.0349*** (0.00669)

Number of health technicians

0.000631 (0.00116)

0.00340** (0.00125)

−0.00411*** (0.000500)

0.0150*** (0.00228)

0.000452 (0.000583)

Number of health beds

0.00357 (0.00613)

−0.0120 (0.00661)

0.0167*** (0.00264)

−0.121*** (0.0121)

0.0369*** (0.00308)

Death rate

−0.000198*** (0.0000109)

0.00000833 (0.0000118)

−0.0000204*** (0.00000471)

0.0000310 (0.0000215)

0.0000151** (0.00000549)

Educational level

−0.00172 (0.00119)

−0.000979 (0.00128)

0.000687 (0.000514)

−0.00468* (0.00235)

−0.000742 (0.000599)

Per capita GDP

0.000859 (0.000763)

0.00157 (0.000822)

−0.000211 (0.000329)

0.00138 (0.00150)

0.000924* (0.000384)

Urbanization

−0.114 (0.350)

−0.912* (0.377)

0.566*** (0.151)

−0.346 (0.689)

0.225 (0.176)

Aging population

651.1*** (54.45)

680.0*** (58.66)

−4.597 (23.46)

−76.04 (107.1)

−18.70 (27.38)

Disposable income

0.0199*** (0.00251)

0.0126*** (0.00270)

0.000626 (0.00108)

0.00105 (0.00493)

−0.00238 (0.00126)

SO2

0.708* (0.344)

0.327 (0.370)

−0.675*** (0.148)

3.486*** (0.676)

0.705*** (0.173)

_cons

−1187.0*** (114.7)

−1258.6*** (123.5)

−41.72 (49.40)

−8.813 (225.6)

−162.3** (57.65)

N

930

930

930

930

930

R2

0.954

0.941

0.927

0.463

0.850

adj. R2

0.950

0.935

0.920

0.414

0.837

  1. Standard errors in parentheses.
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.