Table 1 Definition of variables.
Name of Latent variables | Name of observed variables | Measurement Level | Variables’ Assignment | Expected Sign of Hypothesis | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic profile of respondents | Age of respondent (control variable) (CV1) | Age of respondent | Interval-ratio level of measurement | |||
Gender of respondent (control variable) (CV2) | Gender of respondent | Nominal level of measurement | Male = 1; Female = 2 | |||
Resource systems and units (RSU) | Size of public open space (RSU1) | Size of public open space | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H1: ± | ||
Historical and cultural value (RSU2) | Historical and cultural protection public open space | Nominal level of measurement | Public open space with historical and cultural protection units = 1; Public open space without historical and cultural protection units = 2 | H2: - | Zhou et al. (2019) | |
Location (RSU3) | Location of public open space | Nominal level of measurement | Public open space located on plain = 1; Public open space located on hilly = 2; Public open space located on mountain = 3 | H3: - | Nordin et al. (2020); Huang and Tan (2023); Wang et al. (2021) | |
Proximity to urban area (RSU4) | Distance between urban CBD and rural public open space | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H4: ± | |||
Governance systems (GS) | Government assistance (GS1) | Government investment projects | Nominal level of measurement | Public open space with government investment projects = 1; Public open space without government investment projects = 2 | H5: - | |
Nongovernment organizations (GS2) | Number of farmers’ professional cooperatives | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H6: + | Amelia (2007); Song et al. (2014); Wu (2012); Liang et al. (2018); Lehavi (2004) | ||
Number of farmers’ cultural organizations | Interval-ratio level of measurement | |||||
Public open space management regulations (GS3) | Public open space management regulations | Nominal level of measurement | Public open space with public management regulations = 1; Public open space without public management regulations = 2 | H7: - | Teng (2018); Wade (1989); Baland and Platteau (1996); Ostrom (1990) | |
Monitoring system (GS4) | Participation of monitors | Nominal level of measurement | The village have designated monitors for public open spaces = 1; The village have not designated monitors for public open spaces = 2 | H8: - | Mittelstaedt (2022); Baland and Platteau (1996); Ostrom (1990) | |
Actors (A) | Number of relevant actors (A1) | Number of permanent residents | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H9: ± | Lehavi (2004); Ling (2019); Ling et al. (2014); Olson (1965); Wade (1989); Baland and Platteau (1996); Shi and Ling (2023); Shi and Ling (2022); Wang et al. (2016) | |
Income level of villagers (A2) | Per capita income of villagers | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H10: + | Agrawal (2001) | ||
Proportion of impoverished villagers (A3) | Proportion of impoverished villagers | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H11: - | Agrawal (2001) | ||
Per capita homestead area (A4) | Per capita homestead area | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H12: - | |||
Number of village cadres (A5) | Number of village cadres | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H13: + | Zhang et al. (2012) | ||
Education level of village leaders (A6) | Education level of party branch secretary | Nominal level of measurement | Junior high school = 1; Senior high school = 2; Junior college = 3; Bachelor = 4; Postgraduate = 5 | H14: + | Zhang et al. (2024) | |
Education level of village committee director | Nominal level of measurement | Junior high school = 1; Senior high school = 2; Junior college = 3; Bachelor = 4; Postgraduate = 5 | ||||
Age of village leaders (A7) | Age of party branch secretary | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H15: ± | Kung et al. (2009) | ||
Age of village committee director | Interval-ratio level of measurement | |||||
Interactions (I) | Incentive activities (I1) | Annual per capital collective bonus of villagers | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H16: + | ||
Collective investment (I2) | Collective investment for public open space | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H17: ± | |||
Self-organizing activities (I3) | Number of public meetings and activities | Interval-ratio level of measurement | H18: + | Reed et al. (2018) | ||
Outcomes (O) | Quality of public open space (O) | Number of human-constructed facilities | Ordinal level of measurement | Low = 1; Medium = 2; High = 3 | ||
Maintenance of human-constructed facilities | Ordinal level of measurement | Low = 1; Medium = 2; High = 3 | ||||
Hygiene | Ordinal level of measurement | Low = 1; Medium = 2; High = 3 | ||||
Landscape | Ordinal level of measurement | Low = 1; Medium = 2; High = 3 | ||||
Usability | Ordinal level of measurement | Low = 1; Medium = 2; High = 3 |
