Table 5 Numerical Settings and Sources for Case Study.

x

0.8

N/A

Based on Yutong Bus’ leading position in the field of new energy buses, its R&D investment, and industry trends.

y

0.7

N/A

Based on industry trends and policy orientations.

z

0.5

N/A

Estimated based on current public awareness of environmental protection, the popularity of low-carbon travel modes, and market research data.

C

500 million

Yuan

Estimated based on industry averages and Yutong Bus’s production scale.

P

800 million

Yuan

Estimated based on Yutong Bus’s market share and sales prices of traditional vehicles, with reference to sales revenue data in the company’s annual report.

∆C

300 million

Yuan

Estimated based on Yutong Bus’s investment in new energy bus R&D, with reference to R&D expenditure data in the company’s annual report.

∆P

1 billion

Yuan

Estimated based on market demand for new energy buses, sales prices, and government subsidy policies, with reference to industry reports and market research data.

a

10,000

Tons

Estimated based on government carbon emission policies and the carbon credits that Yutong Bus as a manufacturer may receive.

A

100 million

Yuan

Estimated based on the environmental improvement effects of new energy buses and Yutong Bus’s contributions in the new energy field.

G

80 million

Yuan

Estimated based on Yutong Bus’s leading position in the field of new energy buses and the enhancement of its brand image.

L

200 million

Yuan

Estimated based on industry averages and the operating scale of Yutong’s collaboration with OPTE.

M

400 million

Yuan

Estimated based on OPTE’s market share and revenue from traditional operating models.

∆L₁

250 million

Yuan

Estimated based on industry transformation costs and OPTE’s transformation capabilities.

∆L₂

50 million

Yuan

Estimated based on supply chain adjustment costs and market conditions.

∆M

600 million

Yuan

Estimated based on market demand for low-carbon services, sales prices, and government subsidy policies.

F

2000

Yuan/person/year

Estimated based on the average cost of public transportation, with reference to market research data.

Q

1500

Yuan/person/year

Estimated based on public travel demand and revenue, with reference to relevant research reports.

∆F

500

Yuan/person/year

Estimated based on price differences in low-carbon travel modes, with reference to market research data.

∆Q

800

Yuan/person/year

Estimated based on the environmental benefits of low-carbon travel modes and public perception, with reference to relevant research reports.

S

1000

Yuan/person/year

Estimated based on government subsidy policies and the subsidy amounts that the public may receive.