Table 2 Results of Independent Samples T-Tests for the Groups in Pre-intervention Assessments.
Variable | Experimental (M ± SD) | Control (M ± SD) | t | p | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global speaking | 4.12 (0.36) | 4.09 (0.41) | 0.545 | 0.352 | 0.12 |
Fluency | 4.85 (0.60) | 4.93 (0.55) | −1.026 | 0.151 | 0.22 |
Vocabulary | 4.52 (0.63) | 4.63 (0.71) | −1.170 | 0.124 | 0.25 |
Accuracy | 5.43 (0.55) | 5.38 (0.69) | 0.649 | 0.273 | 0.14 |
Pronunciation | 4.74 (0.64) | 4.83 (0.47) | −1.059 | 0.146 | 0.23 |
Speaking self-regulation | 2.84 (0.63) | 2.93 (0.51) | −0.927 | 0.192 | 0.20 |
Speaking anxiety | 3.72 (0.55) | 3.65 (0.61) | 0.805 | 0.224 | 0.17 |
