Table 2 Categories and subcategories used in the analysis.

Main theme

Large architectural constructions: cathedrals and large buildings of worship, palaces, defensive complexes (fortresses, castles and walls) and other monuments or architectural complexes.

Artistic works, authors and cultural institutions: painters and their artistic works, picture galleries, other pictorial representations and art galleries, sculptures, literary works, etc.

Traditions, festivities, shows and spaces for socialisation: festivities, traditional dances, major international events (cultural and sporting), performing arts, traditions and social customs, engineering works and other installations, specific place, etc.

Gastronomy: typical foods and recipes.

Figures and/or political processes and their legacy: political characters/processes, their legacy (political, architectural, monumental, etc.) and festivities linked to them.

Function of the iconic element at its creation

Political: originally created as a manifestation of political power, such as the residence of a monarch in a city or a political institution.

Religious: expression of religious power or a religious feeling, message or idea.

Cultural or artistic-sports leisure: sports, cultural activities or other types of activities connected with leisure.

Economic/collective needs: connected with the collective economic organisation of society from the point of view of the provision of goods and services.

Social interaction and relationships: offering citizens spaces for socialisation and inter-personal relationships.

Basic individual or private needs: aimed at satisfying the basic and everyday personal needs, like eating or dressing.