Table 3 Results of the baseline regression.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
VARIABLES	SSS	SSS	SFES	SFES
migrant	−0.087***	−0.038	−0.174***	−0.100***
	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.037)	(0.038)
age	−0.033***	0.000	−0.059***	−0.019***
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.007)
agesq	0.000***	0.000***	0.001***	0.000***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
gender	−0.116***	−0.191***	0.063**	−0.034
	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.031)	(0.032)
house	0.312***	0.152***	0.517***	0.251***
	(0.025)	(0.021)	(0.030)	(0.027)
cpc	0.268***	0.106***	0.337***	0.140***
	(0.036)	(0.036)	(0.040)	(0.042)
minzu	−0.016	−0.004	−0.195**	−0.217***
	(0.071)	(0.070)	(0.082)	(0.082)
marriage (ref.=unmarried)
cohabitation	0.392***	0.186	0.395***	0.015
	(0.117)	(0.121)	(0.147)	(0.150)
married	0.395***	0.148***	0.455***	0.023
	(0.039)	(0.040)	(0.043)	(0.045)
social (ref.= never)
seldom	0.272***	0.205***	0.288***	0.191***
	(0.052)	(0.053)	(0.054)	(0.056)
sometimes	0.409***	0.310***	0.439***	0.312***
	(0.052)	(0.053)	(0.054)	(0.058)
often	0.402***	0.261***	0.492***	0.322***
	(0.056)	(0.057)	(0.060)	(0.063)
always	0.497***	0.395***	0.403***	0.278**
	(0.102)	(0.104)	(0.108)	(0.111)
fairness (ref.= totally unfair)
relative unfair	0.750***	0.638***	0.531***	0.387***
	(0.072)	(0.073)	(0.075)	(0.078)
neither unfair nor fair	1.026***	0.909***	0.749***	0.608***
	(0.072)	(0.074)	(0.076)	(0.079)
relative fair	1.467***	1.281***	1.201***	0.988***
	(0.070)	(0.071)	(0.073)	(0.077)
totally fair	1.739***	1.608***	1.206***	1.062***
	(0.120)	(0.122)	(0.124)	(0.133)
medu (ref.= under primary school)
primary school	0.139***	0.068	0.141***	0.061
	(0.043)	(0.044)	(0.048)	(0.049)

	SSS	SSS	SFES	SFES
middle school	0.117**	−0.015	0.140**	−0.020
	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.061)	(0.062)
high school	0.294***	0.085	0.223***	−0.027
	(0.064)	(0.064)	(0.072)	(0.074)
bachelor and above	0.769***	0.371***	0.837***	0.290*
	(0.121)	(0.120)	(0.146)	(0.148)
fedu (ref.= under primary school)
primary school	0.134***	0.023	0.130***	−0.012
	(0.043)	(0.044)	(0.048)	(0.050)
middle school	0.310***	0.132**	0.310***	0.076
	(0.052)	(0.053)	(0.058)	(0.061)
high school	0.339***	0.089	0.432***	0.118*
	(0.057)	(0.058)	(0.065)	(0.067)
bachelor and above	0.293***	−0.000	0.606***	0.238**
	(0.092)	(0.092)	(0.107)	(0.108)
income		0.598***		1.197***
		(0.027)		(0.035)
ca		0.081***		0.062***
		(0.007)		(0.008)
education (ref.= under primary school)
primary school		0.047		0.175**
		(0.076)		(0.089)
middle school		0.083		0.246***
		(0.070)		(0.083)
high school		0.120*		0.344***
		(0.072)		(0.086)
bachelor and above		0.313***		0.442***
		(0.078)		(0.093)
health (ref.= very bad health)
relatively bad health		0.269**		0.346**
		(0.123)		(0.145)
neither good nor bad		0.435***		0.553***
		(0.120)		(0.142)
relatively good health		0.699***		0.804***
		(0.120)		(0.143)
very good health		0.753***		0.987***
		(0.124)		(0.146)
mentalhealth (ref.= always)
often		−0.059		0.336
		(0.175)		(0.205)
sometimes		0.350**		0.668***
		(0.166)		(0.195)

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. We further use the odds ratio and marginal effect to better interpret the practical significance of the coefficients. For example, the −0.1744 coefficient for migrant in Column (3) of Table 3 suggests that the odds of reporting a higher SFES for migrants (migrant = 1) are 84.00% (\({e}^{-0.1744}\)) of the odds for urban natives (migrant = 0). In other words, compared with urban natives, rural‒urban migrants are approximately 16.00% less likely to report higher SFES. In addition, we perform a marginal effect analysis for SFES in the specific category of SFES = 4. Specifically, the results reveal that when the migrant variable transitions from 0 to 1, the probability of reporting SFES = 4 decreases by 1.5%. The results for all marginal effects are available upon request.

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