Table 3 Results of Moderator Analysis.
From: The causal relationship between digital literacy and students’ academic achievement: a meta-analysis
Between-group effect (QBET) | k | r (95% CI) [LL, UL] | Homogeneity test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade level | Q = 172.189*** | |||
College | 16 | 0.268[0.212,0.322]*** | Q = 102.503***, I2 = 90.665 | |
High school | 10 | 0.301[0.270,0.331]*** | Q = 30.168***, I2 = 70.167 | |
Middle school | 5 | 0.065[0.045,0.085]*** | Q = 4.171, I2 = 4.091 | |
Primary school | 4 | 0.166[0.062,0.267]** | Q = 38.877***, I2 = 92.283 | |
Orientation of DL | Q = 4.017* | |||
Comprehensive | 21 | 0.278[0.221,0.333]*** | Q = 355.172***, I2 = 94.369 | |
Technological | 14 | 0.186[0.115,0.255]*** | Q = 321.004***, I2 = 95.950 | |
Subject | Q = 15.816** | |||
Computer Science | 3 | 0.232[0.031,0.415]* | Q = 14.033**, I2 = 85.748 | |
Language Arts | 11 | 0.238[0.158,0.315]*** | Q = 320.748***, I2 = 96.882 | |
Math | 4 | 0.267[0.216,0.316]*** | Q = 13.057***, I2 = 77.024 | |
Social Science | 4 | 0.218[0.096,0.343]** | Q = 13.656**, I2 = 78.031 | |
Natural Science | 2 | 0.077[−0.009,0.162] | Q = 0.027, I2 = 0.000 | |
Other | 11 | 0.262[0.201,0.322]*** | Q = 92.816***, I2 = 89.226 | |
Sampling method | Q = 6.028* | |||
Convenience sampling | 24 | 0.251[0.196,0.304]*** | Q = 452.625***, I2 = 94.919 | |
Random sampling | 11 | 0.214[0.194,0.302]*** | Q = 316.524***, I2 = 96.841 |
