Table 4 Partial statistical results of the association calculation between EU, US, and China policy texts and the five processes of data element circulation.

From: A “five rights separation” framework for data rights confirmation in data element circulation

Economic Entity

Flow Process

Policy Regulations

Similarity

EU

Data Collection

General Data Protection Regulation

0.7032

Data Storage

General Data Protection Regulation

0.6906

Data Processing

Open Data and The Re-Use of Public Sector Information (recast)

0.6920

Data Transactions

Convention for The Protection of Individuals with Regard to The Processing of Personal Data

0.7026

Data Usage

Interoperable Europe Act (The European Parliament and of the Council, 2024)

0.6540

US

Data Collection

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), 2018

0.7192

Data Storage

The Privacy Act of 1974 (As Amended)

0.7260

Data Processing

S.1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (The United States Congress, 2022)

0.6950

Data Transactions

S.1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022

0.6874

Data Usage

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), 2018

0.6664

CN

Data Collection

Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China

0.6514

Data Storage

Provisional Regulations on Accounting Treatment of Enterprise Data Resources (Ministry of Finance, People’s Republic of China, 2023)

0.7385

Data Processing

14th Five-Year Plan for Digital Economy Development (The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 2021)

0.6683

Data Transactions

13th Five-Year Plan for Information Technology Development in China’s Financial Industry (The People’s Bank of China, 2017)

0.7199

Data Usage

Opinions on Building a Data Infrastructure System to Better Utilize Data Elements

0.6801