Table 2 Benchmark regression.
Variables | GIE | |
---|---|---|
OLS model | Static SDM model | |
DI | 0.246*** | 0.367*** |
(2.58) | (4.48) | |
WDI | −2.881** | |
(−2.52) | ||
HR | 0.000 | 0.001 |
(0.50) | (0.81) | |
OPEN | −0.006 | 0.001 |
(−0.98) | (0.26) | |
FF | 0.158*** | −0.069 |
(3.34) | (−1.53) | |
IS | 0.225*** | −0.171** |
(3.74) | (−2.39) | |
PD | 0.006 | −0.042*** |
(0.33) | (−2.59) | |
GDP | −0.073*** | 0.121*** |
(−4.12) | (5.68) | |
GS | −0.081*** | 0.044** |
(−3.96) | (2.20) | |
Constant | 2.246*** | |
(9.74) | ||
ρ | 0.565*** | |
(5.76) | ||
Wald | 56.850** | |
[0.000] | ||
Hausman | 172.010*** | 89.040*** |
[0.000] | [0.000] | |
LM-Lag | 10.179*** | |
[0.001] | ||
Robust LM-Lag | 103.780*** | |
[0.000] | ||
LM-Error | 52.061*** | |
[0.000] | ||
Robust LM-Error | 145.662*** | |
[0.000] | ||
LR-SDM-SAR | 71.890*** | |
[0.000] | ||
LR-SDM-SEM | 60.690*** | |
[0.001] | ||
LR-both-time | 2804.05*** | |
[0.000] | ||
LR-both-ind | 26.440** | |
[0.001] | ||
City fixed effects | YES | YES |
Year fixed effects | YES | YES |
N | 2248 | 2248 |
R2 | 0.114 | 0.157 |