Table 4 Variable description and mean difference.

Land transfer

Land transfer = 1, No Land transfer = 0

0

1

—

The adoption of AGPTs

Not adopted = 0, adopted one = 1, Adopting two = 2, adopting three = 3, Adopting four options = 4, adopting five options = 5, Adopting six = 6, adopting seven = 7

0.784

(1.036)

1.262

(1.301)

−0.478***

(6.010)

Gender

Male = 1, female = 0

0.816

(0.388)

0.868

(0.339)

−0.052**

(2.251)

Age

30 and below = 1, 31–40 old = 2, 41–50 = 3, 51–60 old = 4, 61–70 = 5, 71 and above = 6

4.248

(0.049)

4.118

(0.050)

0.130*

(−01.845)

Education level

Not attending school = 1,

Elementary school = 2,

Junior high school = 3,

Senior high school = 4,

College and above = 5

2.836

(1.000)

2.832

(0.847)

0.004

(−0.064)

Health level

Very healthy = 5, relatively healthy = 4, commonly = 3, relatively unhealthy 2, very unhealthy = 1

3.747

(1.021)

3.953

(0.965)

−0.206***

(3.233)

Village cadres

Yes = 1, no = 0

0.235

(0.424)

0.253

(0.435)

−0.018

(0.674)

Household population

2 or less = 1, 3–5 = 2, 6–8 = 3, 9 or more = 4

2.379

(2.595)

2.478

(2.436)

−0.099*

(1.840)

Number of part-time employees in the family

Number of labour force engaged in both agricultural and non-agricultural work simultaneously

0.036

(1.649)

0.040

(0.904)

−0.024

(−1.165)

Number of elderly farmers

Number of elderly people aged 65 and above working in agriculture at home

0.638

(0.841)

0.513

(0.805)

0.125**

(−2.385)

E-commerce training participation

Household members have received training in e-commerce, yes = 1, no = 0

0.084(0.011)

0.125(0.016)

−0.042**

(2.097)

Production technology information requirements

Family’s level of demand for production technology information (rating)

6.382

(0.117)

7.338

(0.131)

−0.956***

(5.249)

Digital technology application

Digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, and artificial intelligence are used in production, yes = 1, no = 0

0.069

(0.010)

0.234

(0.021)

−0.165***

(6.768)

Cooperative participation

Participation in farmers’ cooperatives,

yes = 1, no = 0

0.194

(0.016)

0.284

(0.022)

−0.089***

(3.236)

Paddy fields

1.64 or less acres = 1, 1.64–3.29 acres = 2

3.29–4.92 acres=3,

4.92 or more acres =4

1.136

(0.018)

2.388

(0.066)

−1.252***

(13.560)

Paddy fields fertility

Very good=5, relatively good=4, average=3, relatively poor=2, very poor=1

3.363

(0.809)

3.291

(0.825)

0.073(−1.395)

Household income

Household’s disposable income in 2022(Yuan)

Below 30,000 = 1;30,000–50,000 = 2;50,000–80,000 = 3;80,000–120,000 = 4, above 120,000 = 5

2.360

(1.397)

2.704

(1.399)

−0.344***

(3.808)

Financing support

Financing obtained from the bank, yes = 1, no = 0

0.243

(0.429)

0.352

(0.478)

−0.109***

(3.692)

Agricultural socialised services

Utilisation of agricultural social services, yes = 1, no = 0

0.799

(0.401)

0.936

(0.245)

−0.137***

(6.426)