Table 2 Variable definition and descriptive statistics.

Technology diversity

Agricultural green production Diversity index (%)

9.187

12.895

Internet use

Does the farmer’s household have internet access devices? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.463

0.499

Head age

Age of the household decision-maker

61.590

10.750

Head gender

Whether the household decision-maker is male? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.841

0.365

Head education

Does the household decision-maker receive education at the high school level or above? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.188

0.391

Head health

Whether the household decision-maker is in good health? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.731

0.443

Head job

Whether the household decision-maker is engaged in agricultural production? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.632

0.482

Family education

The percentage of individuals in the household who have received education at high school level or above (%).

21.355

23.648

Family health

The percentage of individuals in good health within the total household population (%).

88.805

23.165

Family income

Total household income (10⁴ yuan)

17.362

31.874

Family burden

The percentage of elderly and children in the total household population (%)

29.524

31.218

Family farm labor

The percentage of individuals engaged in farming within the total household population (%)

29.524

31.218

Family land size

Managing land area of rural households (mu)

6.544

23.573

Family party

Is there a party member in the household? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.303

0.460

Village terrain

Whether the village is located in a plain area? (1=Yes; 0=No)

0.487

0.500

Distance

The distance from the village committee to the county town.

8.104

11.027

Decision-making preference

For investment activities, which situation do you prefer: 0=Only focus on immediate returns; 1=Consider both immediate and future returns

0.540

0.498

Environmental awareness

Your assessment of your own environmental behavior: 1=Not environmentally friendly; 2=Average; 3=Very environmentally friendly

2.622

0.522

Diversification risk perception

In general, do you believe that cultivating (operating) multiple crops carries less risk than cultivating (operating) a single crop: 1=Yes; 0=No

0.405

0.491