Table 2 Variable definitions and computation methods.
Variables | Code | Indicator sources | Data sources | Calculation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic development | ||||
Per capita GDP | X1 | (Scott, 2004) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
Per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents | X2 | (Vyavahare and Deshmukh 2018) | ② | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
Domestic tourism revenue | X3 | (Bille and Schulze, 2006) | ③ | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
Population demand | ||||
Population Size | X4 | (Woronkowicz, 2013) | ② | Change from 2012 to 2020 |
Urbanization rate | X5 | (Chang et al., 2023) | ④ | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
The number of undergraduate and junior college students on campus | X6 | (Çelik and Akyol (2015)) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
Policy support | ||||
Urban Hierarchy Status | X7 | (Kong, 2007) | ① | Municipalities, provincial capitals, and sub-provincial cities = 1; other cities = 0. |
Education expenditure in the general public budget | X8 | (Mosaferi et al., 2021) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
The scientific and technological investment in the general public budget | X9 | (Mosaferi et al., 2021) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
Innovativeness | ||||
The amount of invention patents granted | X10 | (Romanchukov and Berestneva, 2018) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
The employment of scientific research and technical service industry | X11 | (Bakhshi and Throsby, 2012) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
General institutes of higher education | X12 | (Altintas and Kutlu, 2021) | ① | Change from 2013 to 2021 |
