Table 3 Discrimination measures of the ten most and least discriminatory items of the latent factors of political ideology in the WoM-2013, WoM-2017, and WoM-2021.
WoM-2013 | WoM-2017 | WoM-2021 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Item (#) | DM | Item (#) | DM | Item (#) | DM |
1 | More migration background in the public service (23) | 0.40 | Upper limit for asylum seekers (3) | 0.37 | Tax on high wealth (28) | 0.50 |
2 | Hartz-IV sanctions (29) | 0.34 | Continuation of lignite mining (20) | 0.34 | Increase of the minimum wage (36) | 0.41 |
3 | Increase of the top tax rate (10) | 0.32 | Cut benefits for refugees (34) | 0.34 | Taxation of air travel (37) | 0.40 |
4 | Minimum wage (1) | 0.32 | Child benefits for Germans only (13) | 0.31 | Withdrawal from the EU (25) | 0.39 |
5 | Admitting large numbers of refugees (15) | 0.32 | Dual citizenship (22) | 0.30 | Linguistic consideration of gender identities (15) | 0.39 |
6 | Ban on arms exports (24) | 0.31 | Military spending (10) | 0.30 | Wind energy (4) | 0.38 |
7 | Introduction of an unconditional basic income (7) | 0.28 | Taxation of Diesel fuels (2) | 0.30 | Voting from 16 (3) | 0.38 |
8 | Sole debt liability of the state concerned (32) | 0.27 | Abolishment of solidarity surcharge (33) | 0.29 | Nord Stream 2 (16) | 0.36 |
9 | Limitation of rent increases (35) | 0.26 | Debt relief for Greece (8) | 0.28 | Organic farming (31) | 0.36 |
10 | Stronger state regulation of electricity prices (5) | 0.23 | Abolishment of woman’s quota (25) | 0.27 | Internal combustion engine (19) | 0.33 |
… | … | … | … | … | … | |
29 | Disclosure of MPs’ additional income (27) | 0.07 | Public debt reduction (18) | 0.18 | Asylum only for political persecutes (35) | 0.16 |
30 | Turkey’s accession to the EU (26) | 0.07 | Fixed term employments (14) | 0.16 | Facial recognition in video surveillance (29) | 0.16 |
31 | Withdrawal from NATO (11) | 0.05 | Statutory health insurances (28) | 0.15 | Married couples without children (30) | 0.16 |
32 | Lowering the retirement age (22) | 0.05 | Earlier retirement (23) | 0.15 | Increase in defence spending (2) | 0.13 |
33 | Collection of church tax by the state (30) | 0.03 | Reference to God in the Constitution (36) | 0.12 | Increase in CO2 price (33) | 0.13 |
34 | Referendums at federal level (38) | 0.03 | Legal claim of all-day care (35) | 0.09 | Sale of cannabis (24) | 0.12 |
35 | Childcare allowance for non-daycare attending children (2) | 0.03 | Legalization of cannabis (32) | 0.07 | Patent protection for vaccines (6) | 0.12 |
36 | BAföG payments independent of parental income (18) | 0.02 | Fake news prevention (11) | 0.06 | Tax on digital services (10) | 0.11 |
37 | Use of the autobahns at a charge (37) | 0.02 | Mandatory vaccination (15) | 0.04 | Home office (38) | 0.08 |
38 | Ban on unconstitutional parties (17) | 0.02 | Study loans independent of parent’s income (6) | 0.04 | Contracts with Chinese companies (22) | 0.06 |
