Table 2 Results of the subgroup analyses for the comparison between males and females.

From: Understanding gender differences in delay discounting: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Moderator

Sample Size (k)

Q

Estimate mean g

95% CI

P

Model

 

0.80

  

0.3713

 k

79

 

0.2143

[0.0705; 0.3580]

 

 AUC

39

 

0.1174

[−0.0388; 0.2737]

 

Participants

 

5.39

  

0.0675

 Adults

85

 

0.1798

[0.0730; 0.2867]a

 

 Children and Adolescents

28

 

0.2624

[−0.0544; 0.5472]

 

 The elderly

3

 

−0.6029

[−1.2730; 0.0672]

 

Region

 

17.96

  

0.0004

 Asia

40

 

0.2391

[0.1010; 0.3771]a

 

 America

52

 

0.1837

[−0.0137; 0.3811]

 

 Europe

21

 

0.0953

[−0.1740; 0.3646]

 

 Africa

1

 

−0.0476

[−0.1039; 0.0087]

 

Country

 

0.31

  

0.5799

 Developed

76

 

0.1625

[0.0086; 0.3163]

 

 Developing

37

 

0.2226

[0.0754; 0.3697]

 

Family-level SES

 

0.28

  

0.5977

 Lower

39

 

0.2176

[0.0783; 0.3570]

 

 Middle and Upper

79

 

0.1629

[0.0147; 0.3110]

 

Incentive

 

0.26

  

0.6086

 hypothetical

97

 

0.1672

[0.0498; 0.2846]

 

 real

21

 

0.2398

[−0.0423; 0.5410]

 

Immediate Reward

(lowest)

 

3.42

  

0.6350

 $0

32

 

0.3912

[0.0452; 0.7371]

 

 $0.01–$0.94

9

 

0.1665

[0.0036; 0.3295]

 

 $0.95–$2.15

22

 

0.1126

[0.0097; 0.2156]

 

 $2.16–$9.56

19

 

0.1116

[−0.0823; 0.3055]

 

 $9.57 – $14.94

20

 

0.0757

[−0.1024; 0.2537]

 

$14.95 – $524.08

16

 

0.0830

[−0.0157; 0.1816]

 

Immediate Reward (highest)

 

4.49

  

0.4814

 $0–$12.21

20

 

0.3000

[0.0523; 0.5477]

 

 $12.22– $17.93

21

 

0.0316

[−0.1288; 0.1920]

 

 $17.94–$103.36

22

 

0.0869

[−0.1090; 0.2828]

 

 $103.37–$149.18

16

 

0.3264

[−0.2283; 0.8811]

 

 $149.19–$1206.16

18

 

0.1523

[0.0299; 0.2747]

 

 $1206.17–$73545.75

21

 

0.2195

[−0.0339; 0.4728]

 

Delayed Reward

(lowest)

 

6.24

  

0.2839

 $0.01–$10.53

18

 

0.3200

[0.0575; 0.5824]

 

 $10.54– $17.59

21

 

0.0734

[−0.0910; 0.2377]

 

 $17.60–$32.66

20

 

−0.0240

[−0.2260; 0.1781]

 

 $32.67– $117.65

20

 

0.3426

[−0.1037; 0.7890]

 

 $117.66 –$1206.16

17

 

0.1659

[0.0512; 0.2806]

 

 $1206.17–$43285.30

22

 

0.2057

[−0.0369; 0.4482]

 

Delayed Reward

(highest)

 

5.97

  

0.3087

 $0.01–$13.39

18

 

0.2827

[0.0217; 0.5438]

 

 $13.40– $50.10

22

 

0.0025

[−0.2152 0.2203]

 

 $50.11–$110.08

21

 

0.3486

[−0.0649; 0.7620]

 

 $110.09–$186.14

18

 

0.0465

[−0.0839; 0.1768]

 

 $186.15–$1249.30

17

 

0.1582

[0.0331; 0.2833]

 

 $1249.31–$73545.75

22

 

0.2190

[−0.0252; 0.4631]

 

Primary Interests

 

0.01

  

0.9277

 No

79

 

0.1777

[0.0375; 0.3179]

 

 Yes

39

 

0.1880

[0.0172; 0.3587]

 

Gender Ratio

 

2.06

  

0.1512

 45%–55%

55

 

0.2690

[0.0737; 0.4643]

 

 Others

62

 

0.1046

[−0.0061; 0.2153]

 
  1. The table presents the number of effect sizes (k) and the mean weighted g for each moderator category with the 95% confidence interval (CI) in brackets. The mean weighted effect size is significantly different from zero with p < 0.05 when the 95% CI for g does not include zero.
  2. aStatistically significant comparison.
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