Table 13 Tukey Post-Hoc test-critical thinking.

From: Improving students’ programming performance: an integrated mind mapping and generative AI chatbot learning approach

  

Mean difference

t-value

df

p-value

Experimental Group 1

Experimental Group 2

0.583

1.17

108

0.475

Control Group

1.77**

3.62

108

0.001

Experimental Group 2

Experimental Group 1

−0.583

−1.17

108

0.475

Control Group

1.19*

2.43

108

0.044

Control Group

Experimental Group 1

−1.77**

−3.62

108

0.001

Experimental Group 2

−1.19*

−2.43

108

0.044

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