Table 1 The framework of citation forms.

Non-integral

Nonreporting

Non-integral citation sentences do not include reporting markers

(1) 句法启动效应广泛存在于句子加工中 (Bernolet et al. 2007；McDoungh and Mackey 2008；Branigan and Pickering 2017) 。 (EXP-17)

Syntactic priming widely exists in sentence processing (Bernolet et al. 2007；McDoungh and Mackey 2008；Branigan and Pickering 2017) ^{Footnote 3}。

Reporting

Non-integral citation sentences include reporting markers

(2) 诸多学者注意到线上教学和线上、线下混合教学将趋于常态化 (李泉, 2020；崔永华, 2020) 。 (EXP-18)

Many scholars have noticed that online teaching and mixed online and offline teaching will become normalized (Li Quan, 2020; Cui Yonghua, 2020).

Integral

Author as subject of the sentence

The cited authors’ location of integral citation sentences was as subject

(3) 陆俭明 (2008) 曾提出应该研究如何在汉语教学过程中帮助学生尽快克服对拼音的依赖, 顺利过渡到汉字教学。 (EXP-20)

Lu Jianming (2008) once proposed that we should study how to help students overcome their dependence on pinyin as soon as possible in the process of Chinese teaching and transition to Chinese character teaching smoothly.

Author in noun phrase

The cited authors’ location of integral citation sentences was in noun phrase

(4) 石定果 (1998) 的调查显示, 不管是否属于汉字文化圈, 大部分学生都会对汉字感兴趣。 (EXP-9)

Shi Dingguo’s (1998) survey showed that most students are interested in Chinese characters regardless of whether they belong to the cultural circle of Chinese characters.

Author as adjunct

The cited authors’ location of integral citation sentences was as adjunct

(5) 根据董秀芳 (2009), “整体—部分”关系的编码在词汇和句法系统中均有凸显性。 (EXP-10)

According to Dong Xiufang (2009), the encoding of the “whole-part” relationship is salient in both lexical and syntactic systems.

Other

A citation form that was used less than 5 times in the corpus, which is not enough to form a small classification

(6) 正如Tannen (1989、2007) 所指出, 重复模仿在语言的产出和理解方面优化了资源的使用。 (EXP-14)

As Tannen (1989, 2007) pointed out, repeated imitation optimizes the use of resources in terms of language production and comprehension.