Table 2 Sustainability criteria for evaluating CLR strategies.

C₁

Economic

C₁₁

Promoting economic growth

Although CLR may temporarily suppress regional economic growth through the closure of inefficient or highly polluting enterprises, it generates long-term effects by stimulating corporate innovation and productivity, ultimately driving regional economic growth.

Wang et al. (2019)

C₁₂

Improving land use efficiency

CLR is expected to improve land use efficiency by strictly controlling the total amount of construction land, gradually reducing the scale of new construction land, improving the turnover efficiency of construction land turnover quota, optimizing the stock of construction land, and improving the quality of construction land.

Zhang et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2020)

C₁₃

Increasing fiscal revenue

CLR is expected to contribute to revenue growth by generating high land grant revenues in the short term and expanding the tax base in the long term.

Wang et al. (2019)

C₁₄

Increasing residents’ income

CLR is expected to increase the value of residential housing and income from land rentals, land turnover, house rentals, wages, etc.

Guo and Tian (2016)

C₁₅

Promoting economic structure transformation and upgrading

CLR is expected to eliminate backward industries and optimize regional resource allocation, thereby promoting economic structural transformation and upgrading.

Wang et al. (2020), Li et al. (2021)

C₁₆

Promoting land market development and real estate market development

CLR is expected to increase the supply of high-quality construction land and boost the entry of collective construction land into the land market, thereby promoting land market development and real estate market development.

Guo (2020)

C₂

Environmental

C₂₁

Protecting arable land

CLR is expected to increase the area of arable land and improve the quality of arable land through engineering techniques such as land reclamation.

Wang et al. (2016), Gu et al. (2022)

C₂₂

Reducing pollution emissions

CLR is expected to shut down or renovate highly polluting industrial enterprises, thereby reducing pollution emissions including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, etc.

Zhang et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2021)

C₂₃

Reducing resource consumption

CLR is expected to shut down or renovate energy-intensive industrial enterprises, thereby reducing resource consumption.

Xu et al. (2021)

C₂₄

Improving ecological environment

CLR is expected to improve the ecological environment in the implemented areas, including improving soil, increasing vegetation cover, beautifying the surrounding landscape, increasing biodiversity, improving ecosystem service functions, etc.

Liu et al. (2015), Zhang et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2020), Xu et al. (2021)

C₂₅

Improving human living environment

CLR is expected to improve the human living environment in the implemented areas, including improving housing conditions, neighborhood environment, urban environment, etc.

Guo and Tian (2016), Gu et al. (2022)

C₂₆

Optimizing the spatial pattern of land development and protection

CLR is expected to execute spatial planning, optimize spatial structure and spatial layout, thereby optimizing the spatial pattern of land development and protection.

Liu et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2020)

C₃

Social

C₃₁

Improving infrastructure and public service facilities

CLR is expected to improve infrastructure and public service facilities such as transportation facilities, water and electricity facilities, commercial facilities, cultural and educational facilities, medical facilities and other supporting facilities.

Zhang et al. (2019), Xu et al. (2021)

C₃₂

Reducing social governance costs

CLR is expected to reduce the social governance costs arising from the misconduct of floating population and backward industrial enterprises.

Zhang et al. (2019), Xu et al. (2021)

C₃₃

Protecting stakeholders’ rights

CLR is expected to provide complete guarantees to ensure stakeholder participation and protection of stakeholder rights.

Li et al. (2022)

C₃₄

Promoting balanced urban and rural development

CLR is expected to reduce the gap between urban and rural areas by promoting balanced allocation and orderly flow of resources, thereby promoting balanced urban and rural development.

Wang et al. (2016)

C₃₅

Advancing common prosperity

CLR is expected to reduce income disparities and promote social justice, thereby contributing to common prosperity.

Guo (2022)